Yanditswe na Constance Mutimukeye
Uko umwaka utashye amahanga y’isi yose yizihiza “Umunsi Mpuzamahanga wahariwe Abagore”. Uyu mpunsi ku bitangazamakuru bitandukanye no ku mbuga nkoranyambaga nta kindi keretse kwifurizanya uyu munsi, cyane cyane abagore bakifurizwa ko uba mwiza, ariko se mbere y’uko Abanyarwandakazi bifurizwa kugira umunsi mwiza wabahariwe, ubundi uyu munsi ngarukamwaka ubasanze hehe? Bagereye kuki?
Mbere yo kureba aho uyu munsi usanze Abanyarwandakazi, tubanze turebe icyo uyu munsi ari cyo, igihe ubera n’impamvu hatoranyijwe iyi tariki, niba hariho undi munsi nk’uyu wahariwe abagabo ndetse n’ikiba cyiteguwe guhimbaza kuri uyu munsi, hanyuma dusoreze ku cyo wakwitega mu myaka iri imbere.
Ku ikubitiro, buri wese akwiye kubanza kuzirikana ko uyu munsi umaze imyaka irenga ikinyejana abatuye isi bizihiza uyu munsi ku itariki ya 08 Werurwe buri mwaka, kandi ugahabwa agaciro gakomeye, hagakomeza gutekerezwa ku mibereho y’umugore, mu buzima bwose bw’igihugu: uburezi, ubuvuzi, ubuhinzi, ubworozi, ikoranabuhanga, ibikorwa remezo, imyidagaduro, politiki, uburenganzira bwa muntu, kwishyira ukizana, kubana n’abandi, imiyoborere myiza, ukwihaza mu biribwa, ububanyi n’amahanga, ubucuruzi, kubonera amakuru ku gihe, guhererekanya amafaranga, kandi byose bigaha uruhare rungana umugore n’umugabo.
- Inkomoko y’Umunsi Mpuzamahanga w’Abagore
Umunsi Mpuzamahanga wahariwe Abagore watangiye kwizihizwa mu 1910. Uyu munsi utangira wari uzanywe z’impirimbanyi ziharanira uburenganzira bw’abakozi, bagashaka ko umugore afatwa kimwe n’umugabo mu kazi, ndetse uza kwemezwa n’Inteko Rusange y’Umuryango w’Abibumbye (AG-ONU), mu 1975, kugira ngo ujye wizihizwa buri mwaka. Mbere gato, mu 1908, ikibatsi cy’urumuri rw’uyu munsi cyatangiye kumurikira abatuye isi, ubwo abagore 15,000 bakoze imyigaragambyo y’amahoro mu Mujyi wa New York, muri Leta zunze Ubumwe z’Amerika. Icyo gihe basabaga ko bagabanyirizwa amasaha yo gukora, bagahabwa umushahara uboneye, banasabaga kandi uburenganzira bwo gutora, kuko icyo gihe byarebaga abagabo gusa, abagore barapfukiranwe.
Umwaka wakurikiyeho, mu 1909, Ishyaka rigendera ku mahame ya Gisosiyalisiti ryo muri Amerika ryatangaje ku nshuro ya mbere Umunsi wahariwe Umugore ku rwego rw’Igihugu. Igitekerezo cyo kugira uyu munsi mpuzamahanga cyakomotse ku mugore witwaga Clara Zetkin waharaniraga ibitekerezo bya Gikomunisiti ndetse n’uburenganzira bw’abagore.
Clara Zetkin yatanze iki gitekerezo mu 1910 nyirizina mu Ihuriro Mpuzamahanga ry’Abagore b’Abakozi ryabereye i Copenhagen muri Danemark, ahari hateraniye abagore barenga 100 bari bahagarariye ibihugu birenga 17, bose bahita bakira icyo gitekerezo, nta n’umwe uvuyemo (100%).
Kuva icyo gihe, mu mwaka wakurikiyeho wa 1911, uyu munsi watangiye kwizihizwa mu bihugu bya Autriche, Danemark, Ubudage, Ubusuwisi n’ahandi. Mu 2011, ku isabukuru y’imyaka 100 uyu munsi wari umaze wizihizwa mu bihugu bitandukanye, none muri 2023 turimo kuwizihiza ku nshuro ya 112, ariko ni ku nshuro ya 48, uhereye igihe wemerejwe na ONU kujya wizihizwa buri mwaka.
Amwe mu mateka azwi cyane y’uyu munsi, ni mu 1996, ubwo wizihizwaga ku nshuro ya 21 ku rwego rw’isi, wahawe insanganyamatsiko igira iti: «Kuzirikana ahahise, hategurwa ahazaza». Kuva icyo gihe rero Umunsi Mpuzamahanga wahariwe Abagore wabaye umwanya mwiza wo kuzirikana intambwe iba imaze guterwa n’abagore mu mibanire yabo n’abandi, muri politiki, mu bukungu, n’ibindi nyamara hatirengagijwe ko uyu munsi watingiye ufite igisobanuro wahabwa n’impirimbanyi zigamije gukora ingendo z’amahoro, zigamije kwerekana uburyo ubusumbane hagati y’abagabo n’abagore, bukomeje gufata intera.
- Kuki hatoranyijwe itariki ya 08 Werurwe?
Mbere na mbere, igitekerezo cya Clara Zetkin cyo kuwugira umunsi mpuzamahanga, nticyasabaga itariki idahinduka. Nta munsi rero ndakuka wigeze wemezwa kugeza ubwo hategurwaga imyigaragambyo yabaye mu gihe cy’intambara ya mbere y’isi yose, mu 1917. Icyo gihe abagore bo mu Burusiya bari bateguye imyigaragambyo y’iminsi ine (4) basaba ubutegetsi icyo kurya cyari ingume, ariko ikirutaho basabaga umutekano n’amahoro. Uwategekaga mu nzibacyuho yabemereye kwishyira bakizana ndetse abaha uburenganzira bwo gutora. Kuko iyo myigaragambyo yatangiye ku Cyumweru, tariki ya 08 Werurwe 1917, byatuma kugira ngo hatazibagirana ubutwari bw’aba Barusiyakazi, uyu munsi uzajya wibuka kuri iyo tariki, kuva uwo munsi, kugeza na magingo aya.
- Kuki hara amabara runaka yagenewe kwambarwa ku wa 08 Werurwe?
Amabara y’idoma (couleur mauve), icyatsi kibisi (couleur verte) n’umweru (couleur blanche) ni amabara yatoranyijwe ngo ajye yambarwa ku itariki ya 08 Werurwe nk’uko tubisanga ku rukuta rw’Umunsi Mpuzamahanga wahariwe Abagore. Aya rero si amabara yapfuye gutoranywa kuko afite ibisobanuro byihariye, aho idoma risobanura “ubutabera n’amategeko”, icyatsi kibisi gisobanura “icyizere” naho umweru ugasobanura “ubuziranenge”, n’ubwo iri jambo rya nyuma ritumvikanwaho kimwe. Aya mabara yavuye mu Ihuriro ry’Abagore baharanira Imibereho myiza n’Uburenganzira bwa Politique (Women’s Social and Political Union-WSPU) ryabereye mu Bwongereza, mu 1908, bigumaho na n’ubu.
- Ese habaho Umunsi Mpuzamahanga wahariwe Abagabo?
Uyu munsi Mpuzamahanga wahariwe Abagabo urahari, ndetse wizihizwa ku wa 19 Ugushyingo, buri mwaka kuva mu 1990, ariko nturemerwa na ONU. Kuba utaremerwa ntibibuza ibihugu birenga 80, harimo n’Ubwongereza kuwizihiza. Uyu munsi wizihizwa hibukwa “agaciro keza abagabo bafite ku isi, mu miryango yabo mito n’iyagutse”, nk’uko bihora bisobanurwa n’abawushyizeho. Ufite kandi intumbero yo kwerekana ibyitegererezo byiza, gushingira ku mibereho myiza y’abagabo no kwimakaza ubucuti hagati y’abadahuje ibitsina, n’ukuvuga umubano mwiza hagati y’abagabo n’abagore.
- Itariki ya 08 Werurwe yizihizwa ite?
Umunsi Mpuzamahanga wahariwe Abagore ni umunsi w’ikiruhuko mu bihugu bitari bike, harimo n’Uburusiya, aho indabo zigurishwa zikuba kabiri mu minsi itatu cyangwa ine ibanziriza itariki ya 08 Werurwe buri mwaka. Mu Bushinwa, ho abagore benshi bahabwa ikiruhuko gito cy’igice cy’umunsi wo ku itariki ya 08 Werurwe, nk’uko byategetswe n’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko yaho.
Mu Butaliyani, Umunsi Mpuzamahanga w’Abagore, uzwi nka « La Festa della Donna », uhimbazwa batanga indabo zizwi nka “Mimosa blossoms ”. Amateka y’uyu muco ntazwi neza, ariko ikizwi ni uko byatangiriye i Roma, nyuma y’intambara ya kabiri y’isi yose. Muri Amerika ho, uyu munsi bawuha agaciro gakomeye kuko ukwezi kwa Werurwe kose kwahariwe ku kuzirika ahahise h’umugore, ndetse Perezida afata ijambo agasingiza ibyagezweho n’abagore bo muri Amerika.
Mu Rwanda ho ni ibindi bindi. Umunsi Mpuzamahanga w’Abagore ntiwihizwa, nta kiruhuko gitangwa, giheruka gutangwa ku wa 08/03/1994, kuko FPR ikimara gufata ubutegetsi yahise ikuraho kuwizihiza. Gusa mu magambo hategurwa icyumweru cy’umugore iyi tariki ya 08 Werurwe iba irimo, hagatangwa n’Insanganyamatsiko, ariko nta jambo ry’umutegetsi rivuga ku mateka y’Abanyarwandakazi, abagore bo mu Rwanda bavugwa gusa iyo hagezwe ku kwirata ko bafite umubare munini mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko. Ubuzima bukomeza uko busanzwe, abantu bakifurizanya umunsi mwiza ku mbuga nkoranyambaga gusa.
- Insanganyamatsiko y’umwaka wa 2023
Insanganyamatsiko yatanzwe na ONU muri uyu mwaka wa 2023 ni : « DigitALL : Innovation and Technology for Gender Equality». Ugenekereje mu Kinyarwanda iti: «Nta wuhejwe: Guhanga udushya n’Ikoranabuhanga biteza imbere Uburinganire». Iyi nsanganyamatsiko ifite intumbero yo kwemeza no guhimbaza uruhare rw’abagore n’abakobwa mu guhanga udushya n’ikoranabuhanga ndetse no kwiga bakoresheje ubuhanga nsakazabumenyi (online education). Ni mu gihe nyamara hakiboneka intera ndende hagati y’igitsina gabo n’igitsina gore mu bijyanye n’ikoranabuhanga, aho ONU ivuga ko kubera ko abagore badafite uburenganzira mu gice kijyanye n’ikoranabuhanga bishobora gutuma ibihugu bikennye n’ibikiri mu nzira y’iterambere bizatakaza miliyari 1,500 z’amadolari y’Amerika kugeza mu 2025, niba nta gikozwe.
- Aho itariki ya 08 Werurwe isanze Abanyarwandakazi
Mu gihe isi yose yaharaniye iterambere ry’abagore ndetse ikaba ibashishikariza ko bose nta wusigaye baharanira kugabanya icyuho kiri hagati yabo n’abagabo kugira babashe kugera ku buringanire, mu Rwanda ho haracyari urugendo rurerure cyane, kuko uretse kubivuga ku munwa, mu ngiro bikabura, usanga nta kindi Leta ya FPR ikora ngo igire aho ivana abagore ibageze ahandi, uretse kurata ngo yabashyize mu myanya ifata ibyemezo, ariko birakomeza bikaba icyitiriro gusa, kuko badahabwa umwanya wo gukora inshingano zabo zikorwa n’abambari ba FPR, biganjemo abasirikare n’abapolisi, bababwira ibyo bakora kandi mu by’ukuri, akenshi aba batanga amabwiriza yanditse n’atanditse baba batarakandagiye mu ishuri rindi ritari ukurasa.
Itariki ya 08 Werurwe 2023 isanze abangavu barenga ibihumbi 20 bagiterwa inda buri mwaka kandi bataragira imyaka y’ubukure. Aba rero uretse kwandavura, amashuri yabo aba arangiriye aho kandi nta yindi gahunda ibateganyirizwa muri gahunda yo kubaherekeza mu kububakira ubuzima bw’ahazaza, ahubwo yabashyiriyeho za Car Free Zones, aho usanga mwene aba bana bajyayo gushaka abagabo babasindisha barangiza bakabasambanya, abandi bakerura bakajya kwishakira amaseta bazajya bategeraho abagabo.
Iyi tariki kandi isanze mu Banyarwanda bose uko ari 13,246,394 abangana na 6,821,893 bangana na 51.5% ari igitsina gore. Muri aba abazi gusoma no kwandika ni 35%, naho abarenga 67% bayoboye ingo kuko abagabo babo bishwe, bahunze, baburiwe irengero cyangwa bafunze. Isanze kandi abarenga 39% bafite abana bagwingiye. Isanze kandi impuzandengo y’abana umugore ashobora kubyara mu buzima bwe bwose ari 3.8 ku mugore wo mu cyaro na 3.2 ku mugore wo mu mujyi.
Iyi tariki na none isanze abagore isanze abagore bagituye mu gihugu gikennye, kiganjemo abatuye mu cyaro kuko 27.9% nibo bonyine batuye mu mijyi. Abenshi batunzwe n’ubuhinzi,kandi ntibushyirwamo ingengo y’imari ihagije, kugeza ubwo Minisitiri mushya yavuze ko atabonye nibura 10% inzara yabamarira ku icumu.
Umunsi Mpuzamahanga w’Umugore, uretse kuba umugore abeshywa ko yahawe ijambo, agashyirwa mu nzego zifata ibyemezo, byose bikiri amagambo kuko umunyarwandakazi akiga ntabone akazi kuko yize ibidafite ireme, ahatirwa kugura mutuelle yagera kwa muganga akabura imiti, agatahira kumenya icyo arwaye, ubundi akipfira. Iyi tariki isanze Abanyarwandakazi bagisenyerwa imitungo indi ikanyagwa, ugize ngo aranenga ibitagenda akanyerezwa, akicwa cyangwa agafungwa. Ibasanze na none bataragira uburenganzira mu bya politiki, ntibishyira ngo bizane, aracyatekererezwa, nta bibatunga bafite, bategekeshejwe igitugu, gutanga ibitekerezo biracyari inzozi, naho ibyo gutekereza guhanga udushya n’ikoranabuhanga, bazabigeraho nyuma kwivana mu bujiji, bakamenya gusoma no kwandika. Ibi byose imvano nta yindi uretse akaga FPR yazaniye umuturage, ikamubeshya ngo ari ku isonga kandi asongwa.
Constance Mutimukeye