yateguwe ni ITSINDA RY’UBUREZI N’UBUSHAKASHATSI

INTANGIRIRO

 

Amateka y’uburezi mu Rwanda si aya none kuko kera abanyarwanda bagiraga uburezi gakondo aho ingimbi n’abangavu bajyanwaga mu itorero no mu rubohero bakigishwa indangagaciro na kirazira by’umuco nyarwanda, bikabategura kuzavamo abagabo batabarira igihugu n’abagore bacyambarira impumbya. Ubwo burezi bwunganiwe n’ubugezweho tubona uyu munsi, bwadukanywe n’ Abamisiyoneri b’abazungu mu myaka ya 1900, aho umunyeshuri yicara mu ishuri akigishwa n’umwarimu amasomo atandukanye.

Nk’uko turi bubigarukeho muri iyi nyandiko, amateka ya vuba y’uburezi mu Rwanda yaranzwe n’ibi bikurikira: Nyuma y’uburezi bw’abazungu, u Rwanda rwagerageje kubaka inzego z’uburezi uko rushoboye. Gusa ikibazo gikomeye nuko bishingiye ku murage w’uburezi abazungu bari barazanye mu Rwanda mu ntangiriro z’ikinyejana cya 19 ubwo burezi bushingiye kuri Republika bwaranzwe cyane no guheza, kwima amahirwe bamwe, kubona umugabo bugasiba undi, no gushingira ku mavangura y’amoko n’uturere no biturutse ku bushake bwa Politiki.

Amateka y’ihezwa mu burezi yahereye cyane mu gihe cy’uburezi bw’abamisiyoneri b’abazungu bakoranaga kandi bagakorera abakoloni b’ababiligi aho urugero ruzwi cyane ari urwa Groupe Scolaire Officiel ya Butare izwi ku izina ry’Indatwa yabanje kuba ishuri ry’indobanure z’abana b’Abatware b’icyo gihe bategurwaga kuzunganira abazungu gutekeka abanyarwanda.

Iryo hezwa mu burezi ryaje guhindura isura maze nyuma ya 1959 abahezaga barahezwa abenshi baranahunga, abahezwaga nabo bigarurira imiryango y’amashuri barafunga bigeze muri 1973 babishwaniramo nabo batangira guhezanya bashingiye ku turere bakomokamo.

Agakeregeshwa mu ihezwa mu burezi kazanywe n’ingoma ya FPR Inkotanyi aho yagiye runono yubaka uburezi butagira ireme maze ikarundamo abana b’abanyarwanda ikigamba ko ngo benshi biga nyamara basohoka batazi no kwandika amazina yabo. Ni mu gihe nta mwana w’umuyobozi muri FPR ushobora gusanga yiga muri ayo mashuri yigwamo n’abana basanzwe ba rubanda rwa giseseka.

FPR igifata ubutegetsi yabanje kujijisha ifungurira abana benshi kwinjira mu mashuri, za Kaminuza ziba uruhuri, ibyitwa 9 years, 12 years biraduka maze abenshi baririmba uburezi kuri bose. Nyamara hari hahishwe ubundi bwoko bw’ivangura ryihishe rishingiye ku bushobozi no ku ireme.

Nguko uko za Green Hills, za Riviera, n’andi mashuri ahenze yubatswe mu Rwanda n’agatsiko ka FPR gafatanyije na ba mpatsibihugu maze amashuri yari asanzwe acika amazi bahereye kuri Kaminuza y’u Rwanda. Uzabona umwana w’umuyobozi muri FPR wiga muri Kaminuza nkuru y’u Rwanda azaba avuguruje iyi nyandiko. Mu gihe biga muri ayo mashuri yisumbuye y’indobanure ahenze by’umurengera, bajya kurangiriza za Kaminuza muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, cyangwa mu Bwongereza, mu gihe umwana usanzwe mu Rwanda yiga mubyo bita 12 years yakwijajara akabona umwanya muri Kaminuza y’u Rwanda, cyangwa iwabo bakirya bakimara bakamurihira Kaminuza yigenga yarangiza amasomo akajya iwabo akicara.

             I. ZIMWE MU MPINDUKA ZIKOMEYE ZABAYE MU BUREZI BW’U RWANDA 1979-1994

a.     Reforme yo muri 1979

 Muri 1979, habayeho impinduka (reforme) mu burezi yashyizeho imyaka umunani y’amashuri abanza ivuye ku myaka itandandatu. Imyaka umunyeshuri yamaraga mu mashuri abanza yavuye kuri itandatu igera ku umunani aho ibiri ya nyuma yibandaga ku myuga rusange. Mu gutoranya abajyaga mu mashuri yisumbuye habagaho ikizamini (concours) ndetse hagakurikizwa n’aho umuntu akomoka cyangwa n’umuryango akomokamo.

Icyo gihe kandi uwajyaga mumashuri yisumbuye yatangiranaga n’ishami (section) mu mwaka wa mbere. Dufashe nk’urugero ntabwo byari byoroheye umwana ukomoka mu majyepfo y’u Rwanda, ukomoka mu muryango ukennye, kabone n’iyo yabaga ari umuhanga, gupfa gutsinda icyo kizamini cyo kwinjira mu mashuri yisumbuye. Nyuma gato y’ihirikwa ry’ubutegetsi bwa Kayibanda hashingiwe kuri iyo politiki y’ivangura mu burezi, ntabwo abana bakomokaga mu muryango y’abahoze ari abayobozi ku ngoma ya Kayibanda byaboroheye kubona imyanya mu mashuri. Iryo hezwa ryafashe intera riramenyerwa mu gihugu kugeza mu ntangiriro y’imyaka ya za 90 ubwo impinduka za politiki ndetse n’intambara ya FPR byari byugarije ubutegetsi bwa Habyarimana.

b. Reforme yo muri 1991-1992

Nyuma y’umwaka w’amashuri 1991/1992, igihe u Rwanda rwari rwarinjiye mu nkubili y’amashyaka menshi, umwaka wa munani n’umwaka wa karindwi yongeye kuvanwaho.  Hasubizwaho umwaka wa gatandatu nk’uko byahoze mbere y’umwaka wa 1979. Ndetse na ya politiki yo gukumira abana mu mashuri yisumbuye yatangiye gucika intege mu buryo bufatika bigizwemo uruhare cyane cyane na Nyakwigendera Ministre Agatha Uwiringiyimana. Gusa ayo mavugurura ntiyamaze igihe kubera ibihe igihugu cyari kirimo byasojwe n’amahano ya Jenoside muri Mata 1994.

I. NYUMA YA 1994 FPR YAZAMBIJE NKANA UBUREZI BW’URWANDA

a. Nyuma ya 1994

Nyuma ya jenoside FPR imaze gufata ubutegetsi, amashuri yongeye gusubukurwa ahagana muri 1995 maze atangirana ibibazo by’ubushobozi ariko aragerageza aratangira akigendera ahanini ku miterere y’uburezi mbere ya 1994. Amasomo yose yigishwa mu rurimi rw’ikinyarwanda mu mashuri abanza, naho mu yisumbuye biga mu gifaransa ndetse no mu cyongereza cyari gisanzwe kigishwa nk’isomo ry’amasaha make, maze kuva ubwo gitangira gukoreshwa cyane mu mashuri amwe yisumbuye bitewe n’amateka y’abanyarwanda bari bahungutse bavuye mu bihugu nka Uganda na Tanzania byakoreshaga urwo rurimi.

Icyo gihe kandi hashyizweho Inama y’igihugu ishinzwe ibizamini. Mbere ibizamini by’abarangije amashuri yisumbuye byategurwaga n’ibigo bigagaho bikaba ari naho bitangirwa. Muri iyo myaka ya nyuma gato ya jenocide, abarimu bahembwaga ibishyimbo, ifu y’ibigori, amavuta n’ibindi kimwe n’uko byari bimeze mu inzego za leta kuko yari ikirwana no kwiyubaka.

Kuva 1995 kugera 1996 abanyeshuri bakoreraga ibizamini bisoza amashuri abanza n’ayisumbuye ku bigo bigagaho nk’uko byari bisanzwe na mbere. Ariko mu 1997 batangiye kubikorera ku bigo byatoranyijwe (centre des examens).  Impamyabumenyi zashingirwaga ku amanota abanyeshuri bagize ku umwaka wa gatanu n’uwa gatandatu, hiyongereyeho ayo yabonye mu ikizamini cyategurwaga n’akanama k’abarimu kashyirwagaho n’ikigo ariko nabyo byaje guhinduka nyuma gato.  

b. Kuva muri 1998

Kuva mu mwaka wa 1998 FPR imaze kwisuganya yatangiye gahunda yayo yari izi neza yo kugenzura uburezi igamije icurikabwenge ry’abana b’abanyarwanda, ivangura, itonesha, byose bigamije umugambi w’igihe kirekire wo guheza abanyarwanda benshi mu bujiji bwa humiriza nkuyobore. Iyo gahunda ya FPR yashyizwe mu bikorwa runono. Ntabwo byihuse. Niyo mpamvu abantu benshi batayimenye kare. Uretse abareba kure, abihayimana bakoraga mu by’uburezi, abarezi b’inararibonye, abandi bose bagendeye mu kinyoma cya FPR cyo kwizeza abantu ko ihezwa ryari ryarabaye akarande mu burezi ryari rirangiye nyamara ibahisha irindi vangura rishingiye ku bushobozi, ku mashuri ahenze, ku guca burundu ikitwa ireme, ku gutesha agaciro mwarimu, maze ibyari uburezi bihunduka uburozi.

Reka turebere hamwe tumwe mu dushya twaranze iyo gahunda ya FPR yo guca umugongo uburezi bw’u Rwanda igamije guheza abanyarwanda mu icurikaburindi ry’icurikabwenge:

• NYAMUCA

Mu 1998 Ministiri w’uburezi Col.Dr.Joseph Karemera yaciye diplome z’abari barangije amashuri yisumbuye yavugaga ko zitujuje ibisabwa n’ireme ry’uburezi igihugu cyifuzaga kugeraho, bituma bamwita ‘’Nyamuca’’. Impamvu yo guca izo diplome ni uko icyo gihe abayobozi b’ibigo bangwaga agatoki ku ugutanga amanota mu uburyo budakurikije amabwiriza ya Ministere y’uburezi. Karemera yavuze ko hari abahawe diplome nta bumenyi buhagije bafite, hari abakopeye, ndetse n’abongerewe amanota. Ibyo byatumye diplome zabo zicibwa. Guca diplome rero byafashwe nka sakirirego ari nabyo byatumye itangazamakuru rishika ribaza Col.Dr.Karemera nib anta bwoba afite bwo guhangara ikintu nkicyo maze arabasubiza ati “Ufite intare nayiziture” Hari nabavuga ko nyuma yaho yaba yarasuye iyahoze ari Kaminuza Nkuru y’u Rwanda, abanyeshuri bakamubaza uburyo diplome zicibwa kandi kuzibona bivunanye maze akabaha igisubizo cyatangaje benshi aho yavuze ati “Mugiye muri politike mwasanga ndi Ministiri, mu gisirikari mwasanga ndi Kolonel naho mubijyanye n’uburezi mwasanga ndi Dogiteri.” Ibyo nakoze nabitekerejeho.  Icyo gihe kubona diplome byasaga nk’ igitangaza kuko igihugu cyari kimaze gutakaza abantu benshi bize abandi barahunze, gikeneye abo kuziba icyuho cyari mu inzego  z’imitegekere , mu buvuzi no mu uburezi zari zigwiriyemo abize CERAI( Centre d’Enseignement Rural et Artisanal Integre), amashuri yigwagamo n’ababaga batarabonye amahirwe yo gukomeza mu yisumbuye; amasomo yabo akibanda ku imyuga, ubuhinzi n’ubworozi.

• PROMOTION AUTOMATIQUE YANGIJE BYINSHI

Ministre Emmanuel Mudidi yigeze kuvuga ko ngo “nta mwana w’umuswa ubaho, bose bagomba kwimuka mu gihe hari imyanya yo kubakira mu ishuri ryisumbuye’’ Ibi byatumye abari bari barirukanwe ku ibigo bimwe na bimwe basibizwa, uretse abari barazize imyitwarire. Aho niho havuye gahunda yo kwimura abanyeshuri n’abagize amanota make (promotion automatique), itaranyuze bamwe mu babyeyi usanga bataka ko abana babo bimurwa ntacyo bazi, ngaho abatazi gusoma no kwandika neza ikinyarwanda n’ibindi. Ikindi ni uko kuri ubu hari bamwe bigiraho ingaruka mu gihe bashoje icyiciro runaka, ntibabone amanota abemerera gusibira cyangwa gukomeza, ni ukuvuga abari mu cyiciro cyiswe “Unclassified’’. Hari kandi abashobora kurangiza amashuri yisumbuye batazi no kwandika ibaruwa isaba akazi mu rurimi kavukire rw’ikinyarwanda), abagera mu nzego z’imirimo hakibazwa aho bize n’ibindi. Iyi gahunda ya “Prmotion Automatique” si impanuka. Ni icurabwenge rya FPR rigamije guca urutirigongo uburezi bw’abana b’u Rwanda.

• IMPINDUKA NKANA ZIHORAHO MU NDIMI NO MU NTEGANYANYIGISHO

Mu mwaka wa 1996, habaye impinduka ku rurimi abanyeshuri bigamo n’ integanyanyigisho mu birebana no kuringaniza ubushobozi bw’abanyeshuri bose b’u Rwanda. Impinduka zatewe ahanini n’uko abanyeshuri babaga bumva indimi bitandukanye bitewe n’aho bari barakuriye mu buhungiro mu bihugu byo hirya no hino. Hari aho abavugaga icyongereza bagomba kwigana n’abavuga igifaransa. Hari n’ubwo abanyeshuri bigezwe guhatirwa kwiga ururimi batazi ku ngufu cyane cyane muri Kaminuza. Ibi byaviriyemo bamwe bavugaga icyongereza kwigaragambiriza icyo kemezo maze kubera ko bari bari kwica gahunda ndende ya FPR, ihita ibirinduka ibahindamo ubudehe irakubita irafunga irirukana abashoboye kuyicika n’iyi saha baracyabarizwa mu buhungiro.

Muri 2009, icyongereza cyemejwe nk’ururimi rwo kwigamo amasomo yose mumashuri yisumbuye gisimbura igifaransa, byitirirwa ko hari hagamijwe ko u Rwanda rutanga ubumenyi buzatuma rupiganwa ku isoko ry’ ibihugu bivuga icyongereza nk’ibyo mu muryango w’ibihugu bya Afrika y’ iburasirazuba (EAC) ndetse no mumuryango w’ibihugu byakolonijwe n’abongereza( Commonwealth). Igifaransa cyagabanyirijwe amasaha mu mashuri yisumbuye, mu cyicaro rusange bakigaga amasaha atandatu mucyumweru agirwa abiri. Iyo gahunda yitirwe Mutsindashyaka Theoneste wari Umunyamabanga wa Leta muri Ministeri y’uburezi muri icyo gihe.

Nyuma yo kubura umubano n’igihugu cy’Ubufaransa FPR yongeye kubyuriraho yongera guha imbaraga ururimi rw’igifaransa. Bidateye kabiri bati burya bwose abana bagomba kwiga mu Kinyarwanda.

Mu 2009 habaye kandi izindi mpinduka muburezi zari zijyanye no guhuza amasomo ( Combination) mu icyiciro cya kabiri cy’amashuri yisumbuye. Urugero nk’abigaga Bio-Chimie bagabanywa mu mashami mashya yiswe PCB( Physics-Chemistry-Biology) na MCB( Mathematics-Chemistry-Biology). Abigaga indimi bagabanywa mumashami nka EKK ( English-Kinyarwanda –Swahili), EFK(English-French-Kinyarwanda).

Mbere na nyuma gato ya 1995 amanota y’abakoze ibizamini bya leta yabarwaga ku 100 (%), byagiye bihinduka ashyirwa kuri 11 ndetse bikajyana no kuyagaragaza munyuguti. Nyuma yaje gushyirwa kuri 75 n’indi mibare yagiye ihinduka uko imyaka itashye, ubu hakurikizwa uburyo bwiswe “Aggregate” bwatangiye muri 2008. Hamwe n’ubu buryo ugaragara ko yagize icyo twakita amanota yo hejuru abayatsinzwe ugereranyije nuwagize make (50<12).

Izi mpinduka zose si impanuka. Ni umugambi w’igihe kirekire wo guteza muzunga uburezi bw’u Rwanda maze igihugu kikuzura icuraburindi ry’ubujiji rituma FPR ibona uko iyobora nta we uyivuguruza.

• GAHUNDA Y’UBUREZI BW’IBANZE BUTAGIRA IREME BW’IMYAKA 9 NA 12 (9YBE&12YBE) 

Muri 2008 hatangiye ikiswe gahunda y’uburezi kuri bose. Ibi FPR yabikoze yikinze mu kibaba cyo gushyira mu ibikorwa intego y’ikinyagihumbi nk’uko zemejwe na Loni (Education for All).  Amashuri abanza yitwaga Ecoles Primaire yaje kongerwaho ay’uburezi bw’ibanze bw’imyaka 9 na 12, ahindurirwa amazina yitwa ‘Urwunge rw’amashuri (Groupe Scolaire). Abanyeshuri baatangiye kwigira ubuntu bituma umubare w’abagana ishuri wiyongera. Maze FPR ivuza iya bahanda ngo abana bose bariga si nka kera.

FPR kandi yakoresheje iyi gahunda maze ihatira ababeyi gutanga umuganda w’agahato n’amafaranga yiyongera kuri Minerval no ku misoro batanga ngo hubakwe ibyumba by’amashuri hirya no hino mu gihugu bya 9 na 12 years. Uwabibonera inyuma yagira ngo koko FPR ihangayikishijwe n’uko abana bose biga bakamenya. Muri iyo gahunda y’uburezi bw’ibanze kuri bose, FPR yakoze ibishoboka byose ikuramo ikintu kitwa ireme. Maze abana benshi ba rubanda rwa giseseka bagana ayo mashuri, abarimo bayigishamo bahembwa intica ntikize, uruhuri rw’abana bigamo birangira bacyuye umunyu abenshi batazi gutandukanya i na u.

ITSINDA RY’UBUREZI N’UBUSHAKASHATSI

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