Yanditswe na Nyangoga Hervé Oscar : umusomyi w’Ijisho ry’Abaryankuna
Igice cya mbere : Ibibazo bya Centrafrique
Mu mpera z’ukuboza 2020, u Rwanda rwohereje ingabo muri Centrafrique. N’ubwo hari ingabo z’u Rwanda zari zisanzwe muri Centrafrique mu rwego rwa ONU rwitwa MINUSCA, izoherejwe m’ukuboza 2020, zo zagiye mu rwego rw’ubufatanye hagati y’u Rwanda na Centrafrique. Ariko ntihasobanuwe igihe amasezerano y’ubufatanye yashyiriweho umukono, n’ikiyarimo. Ukurikije ukuntu ibinyamakuru bishyigikiye leta y’u Rwanda byirirwa byamamaza ibikorwa b’izo ngabo, ni ngombwa kumenya icyaba kihishe inyuma, no kumenya uko ibihugu biri mu karere Centrafrique irimo, babona ibyo bikorwa, n’icyo bashobora Gukora.
Centrafrique muri makeya
Centrafrique n’igihugu kinini kiruta u Rwanda inshuro hafi 24. Urebye Centrafrique ingana n’ubufaransa, ububiligi, n’ubusuwisi ubiteranyije, gusa ituwe n’abaturage bangana nka miliyoni 6. Nk’uko izina ryayo ribivuga iri muri Afurika yo hagati, ikaba ihana imbibi n’ibihugu 6 (Congo Brazzavile, Congo Kinshasa, Sudani y’amajyepfo, Sudani, Tchad, na Cameroun).
Mu mateka, Centrafrique yakolonijwe n’ubufaransa yitwa Oubangui-Chari. N’ubwo Centrafrique yabonye ubwigenge kuwa 13 Kanama 1960, uwabigizemo uruhare runini yitwa Barthélemy Boganda akaba yaraguye mu mpanuka y’indege ku wa 23 Werurwe 1959. Urupfu rwe n’iyo mpanuka bitavuzweho kimwe byagize ingaruka mu mateka yabaye muri Centrafrique ikimara kwigenga kugeza ubu.
Centrafrique yaranzwe na za Coup d’état nyinshi, akenshi zabaga zahawe umugisha n’ubufaransa binyuze mu kintu kiswe Françafrique cyari gikuriwe n’umujyanama wa Perezida De Gaulle, witwa Jacques Foccart. Perezida wa mbere wa Centrafrique ni David Dacko (yari mwishywa wa Barthélemy Boganda), yavuyeho muri coup d’etat yo ku wa 31 Ukuboza 1965. Asimburwa na mubyara we Général Jean-Bedel Bokassa, waje no kwigira umwami w’abami (empereur) muri 1977. Yavanyweho n’ingabo z’ubufaransa muri 1979 (opération Barracuda) baje bazanye mu ndege uwahoze ari Perezida Davida Dacko bakamusubiza ku ntebe. Ntiyatitinzeho, kuko muri 1981 habaye indi coup d’état hajyaho Général André Kolingba. Uyu yajwe gutsindwa mu matora ya mbere ya demokrasi yo muri 1993, asimburwa na Perezida Ange Felix Patassé muri 1993 (Uyu akaba yarahoze ari ministre w’intebe wa Bokassa). Nyuma yo kugirana ibibazo byinshi n’abasilikare ba Centrafrique bivumbagatanyaga (mutinerie), Perezida Patassé yaje kuvanwaho na Général François Bozizé muri 2003 (Bozizé yabaye Général ku gihe cya Bokassa, ayobora ingabo zirinze umurwa mukuru Bangui). Ndetse muri 1982 ku gihe cya Perezida Kolingba, Bwana Bozizé na Patassé bagerageje guhirika ubutegetsi (coup d’état) ariko iburizwamo bahungira muri Togo.
Perezida Bozizé yavanyweho n’inyeshyamba za Seleka ziyobowe na Michel Djotodia wahise aba Perezida. Gusa kubera intambara hagati ya Seleka, n’insoresore z’umutwe wa Anti-Balaka, ukongeraho igitutu cy’amahanga, Djotodia yavuyeho muri 2014 asimburwa na Madamu Catherine Samba-Panza nka Perezida w’inzibacyuho washinzwe gutegura amatora yo muri 2015. Ayo matora yatsinzwe na Faustin-Archange Touadera ari nawe ukiri Perezida (uyu yabaye ministre w’intebe wa Bozizé imyaka 5 (2008-2013).
- Ibibazo bya Centrafrique
Urebye kuva muri 1960 kugera 1997 Centrafrique yari ifite ibibazo bisanzwe bya politiki, ruswa, kutubahiriza uburenganzira bwa muntu, byakunze kugaragara muri Afurika. Nk’uko bigaragara abagiye bayobora icyo gihugu usanga bafite aho bahuriye, baragiye bakorana bagashwana bagasubirana. Usanga kandi ubufaransa bwaragiye buba inyuma y’imidugararo haba ku buryo buziguye cyangwa butaziguye nka operation Barracuda. Abafataga ubutegetsi hari igihe bazaga bavuye mu bufaransa cyangwa bavanwaho bakahahungira.
2. Kwivumbagatanya kw’abasilikare
Ibibazo bikomeye biganisha ku ntambara byatangiye muri 1997 abasilikare bigaragambya kuko badafashwe neza (mutinerie). Kugirango bibashe gukemuka, byabaye ngombwa ko Perezida Patassé agarura mu gisilikare Général François Bozizé wari waragiye muri politique ariko ntagiremo amahirwe menshi. Bozizé yagizwe umugaba mukuru w’ingabo (Chef d’Etat-Major Général), akemura ibibazo bituma abasilikare bamwizera cyane. Urebye ntibyashimishije Patassé kuko yasabye Colonel Khadaffi wa Libiya kumwohereza abasilikare bo kumurinda. Mu mwaka wa 2001, hageragejwe coup d’état iburizwamo n’abasilikare ba Libiya. Perezida Patassé yarakariye Général Bozize akeka ko niba atari inyuma ya Coup d’Etat yaretse ikageragezwa. Bozizé abonye ashobora gufatwa yahise ahungira muri Tchad, ahunga yajyanye n’abasilikare batari bakeya.
3. Kwinjira kw’ibihugu byo mu karere mu bibazo bya Centrafrique
Ihunga rya Bozizé muri Tchad ntiryakemuye ibibazo, uretse no guhungana n’abasilikare bamwe, abasigaye bakomeje kumukunda, byagiye bitera imyibumbagatanyo. Bozizé yagerageje gutera udutero shuma aturutse muri Tchad, byumvikana ko yari ashyigikiwe na Tchad ariko biba iby’ubusa, kubera za ngabo za Libiya. Igitero gikomeye cyabaye mu kwezi kwa 10 muri 2002, icyo gihe byabaye ngombwa ko Perezida yitabaza inyeshyamba zo muri RD Congo zo mu mutwe wa MLC wa Jean-Pierre Bemba. Izo nyeshyamba nazo zaterwaga inkunga n’igihugu cya Uganda. Izo nyeshyamba nubwo zabujije Bangui gufatwa, zakoze ibikorwa by’ubwicanyi bwatumye umukuru wazo Jean-Pierre Bemba afatwa agafungirwa muri CPI i La Haye imyaka 12, akarekurwa agizwe umwere. Mu kwezi kwa 3 muri 2003, Patassé yagiye muri Niger, Bozizé n’ingabo ze bashyigikiwe na Tchad bateye Centrafrique bakora coup d’état.
4. Isura ry’amadini mu bibazo bya Centrafrique
Bozizé amaze gufata ubutegetsi, yavuze ko agiye agiye gushyiraho ubutegetsi bushingiye kuri demokrasi ndetse akoresha amatora mu mwaka wa 2005. Ariko kuba abaturage benshi n’abayobozi batuye Bangui kandi igihugu ari kinini cyane, usanga uturere turi kure ya cyane ya Bangui nta majyambere ahari. By’umwihariko mu bice byegereye Tchad na Sudani. Ikibazo cyabaye muri Darfour muri 2004 cyatumye bamwe mu baturagebayo bahungira muri Centrafrique. Byatumye abaturage bo bice byegereye Sudani na Tchad biganjemo abo mw’idini ya Islam batangira guhaguruka kugirango Let aya centrafrique ibiteho ku buryo bwimbitse. Nibwo havutse inyeshyamba zigizwe n’abava mw’idini ya Islam zagiye zigaba ibitero mu migi ya Birao, Bréa, Ndéle na Bambari. Umwe mu mitwe y’inyeshyamba wari ukomeye ni uwari uyobowe na Michel Djotodia (waje kuba muri 2013 Perezida wa Centrafrique). Nyuma y’imyaka 4 nibwo ikiswe intambara y’isubiranamo y’abaturage ya mbere yarangiye habaye amasezerano ya Libreville yo muri 2008. Nyuma y’imyaka hafi ine, imirwano yongeye kubura. Imyinshi mu mitwe y’inyeshyamba yibumbiye mu mutwe mushya wiswe Seleka. Batangiye kurwana n’ingabo za Général Bozizé witabaje ingabo z’afurika y’epfo. Hongeye gusinywa andi masezerano hagati ya Perezida Bozizé n’inyeshyamba za Seleka, i Libreville muri Gabon mu kwezi kwa mbere 2013. Ayo masezerano ntiyubahirijwe, inyeshyamba zateye umujyi wa Bangui ziwufata ku wa 23 Werurwe 2013, hanagwamo abasilikare 13 ba Afurika y’epfo yahise ivana ingabo zayo muri Centrafrique. Michel Djotodia yahise yigira Perezida wa Centrafrique. Perezida Djotodia yananiwe kugarura ituze muri Centrafrique. Nta jambo yari afite ku nyeshyamba za Seleka. Nazo ubwazo zari uruhurirane rw’imitwe myinshi itagira discipline. Batangiye kwambura, guhohotera abaturage zibasira cyane abatari mw’idini ya Islam. Mu kwirwanaho, havutse undi mutwe w’insoresore zitwaje intwaro wiyise Anti-Balaka utangira guhangana na Seleka no kwica abo bakeka ko bakorana nayo cyane cyane abayisilamu. I Bangui byafashe intera haba ubwicanyi bukorerwa abayisilamu baba Bangui cyane cyane muri karitsiye yitwa PK 5
5. Uruhare rw’ubufaransa n’ingabo zabwo
Kuva Centrafrique yigenga, ubufaransa bwagiye buhagira ingabo ku buryo buhoraho, mu myaka ya 90 hari base ya logistique yatumaga ubufaransa bubasha kohereza ingabo mu bikorwa bya gisilikare bakoraga mu bihugu by’Afrurika. Nko muri 1994, abasilikare baje muri opération Amaryllis mu kwezi kwa 4, na opération Turquoise hagati y’ukwezi kwa 6 n’ukwa 8, babaga bafite ibirindiro b’inyuma (base arrière) mu mugi wa Bouar muri Centrafrique. Bitewe n’inyungu z’igihe, ingabo z’ubufaransa zagiye zivanga mu bibazo bya Centrafrique nko muri opération Barracuda muri 1979 cyangwa se zikifata nko muri 2003, Patassé avanwaho, na 2013 Bozizé avanwaho. Ariko kubera ko ubwicanyi bwo muri 2013 bwafashe intera ikomeye, byabaye ngombwa ko ONU ifata icyemezo cyo koherezayo abasilikare. Ubufaransa nk’igihugu kizi Centrafrique by’umwihariko mu bya gisilikare, bwafashe iyambere bwoherezayo abasilikare muri opération yiswe Sangaris. Icyo gikorwa cya gisilikare cyatanze agahenge ariko nticyakemuye imizi y’ibibazo. Habayeho no gushinja izo ngabo gufata ku ngufu harimo abana batarakura. Ibyo birego nyuma yo gusuzumwa byagaraye ko nta shingiro bifite. Nyuma yo gutorwa kwa Perezida Touadera muri 2016, ubufaransa bwafashe icyemezo cyo kuvana ingabo zabwo muri Centrafrique.
6. Intege nkeya za ONU n’ingabo zayo
ONU yohereje abasilikare bayo muri Centrafrique mu mwaka wa 2014. Umubare wabo ungana n’ibihumbi 11 bava mu bihugu 10 bitandukanye harimo u Burundi n’u Rwanda. Nubwo ubutumwa bw’ingabo ari ugutuma Centrafrique itekana, iyo ntego iracyari kure. 80% bya Centrafrique biri mu maboko y’abantu bitwaje intwaro. No mu mugi wa Bangui ituze ntiriragaruka hagati y’abahatuye, usanga buri rwego rw’abaturage bahuje imyemerere ruba ukwarwo.
7. Imishyikirano y’urudaca n’amasezerano atubahirizwa
Umuryango w’ubukungu w’ibihugu byo muri Afurika yo hagati (CEEAC) ntiwahemye guhuza abashyamiranye muri Centrafrique. Habaye amasezerano menshi haba Libreville muri Gabon, Brazzaville muri Congo, na Khartoum muri Soudan. Ariko yose nta namwe yashyize mu bikorwa. Amasezerano aheruka yari yashiriweho umukono i Khartoum muri Sudani hagati ya leta ya Perezida Touadera muri gashyantare 2019 ntiyabashije gukemura ibibazo ku buryo byatumye amatora yo mu mpera za 2020 aba mu buryo bw’akavuyo kandi gusa mu turere tugenzurwa na leta n’ingabo za ONU. Perezida Touadera yatangaje mu ntangiriro za 2021 ko ayo masezerano ya Khartoum nta gaciro agifite.
8. Perezida utizeye ingabo ze akanayobora igice gito cy’igihugu.
Perezida Toudera kuva yatorwa muri 2015, nta kintu kigaragara yahinduye ku mibereho y’abaturage. Yihutiye gushaka abamurinda yizeye bava mu gihugu cy’uburusiya. Centrafrique iracyari mu bihugu bikennye kw’isi. Mu byerekeye ubumwe n’ubwiyunge nta cyagezweho gifatika. Perezida ayoborera Bangui no mu nkengero zayo. Igice kinini cya Centrafrique kiri mu maboko y’abamurwanya
Nyangoga Hervé Oscar
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