Umusanzu w’Umunyarwanda : Mwene Nyundo awunyujije kuri Ndabaga TV
Intangiriro
Ku wa 17/08/2018 nabyutse nibaza ku gisobanuro nyacyo cy’umuganda mu Rwanda mbona ibisubizo byinshi ariko nitegereje uko ukorwa nsanga nta kindi ari cyo uretse kuba agahotoro n’agacinyizo FPR yashyize ku gakanu k’abanyarwanda kugira ngo ibaheze mu nsi y’ibirenge byayo, bahumirize bayoboke buhumyi nayo isye itanzitse mu kubahonyora no kubacuza utwabo ititaye ku iterambere ry’ubukungu (economic development), imibereho myiza (social equity) no kubungabunga ibidukikije (environmental protection). Ibi bitatu nizo nkingi za mwamba z’iterambere rirambye (3 pillars of sustainable development). Mu mirongo ikurikira tugiye kurebera hamwe igisobanuro cy’umuganda, umuganda nk’intwaro y’agahotoro ya FPR, ingaruka zawo ndetse n’icyakorwa ngo izo ngaruka umuganda wagize kandi ukomeza kugira ku banyarwanda zirandurwe burundu.
1. Igisobanuro cy’umuganda
a) Inkomoko y’ijambo “umuganda”
Ijambo “umuganda” ni igisobanuro cya kimwe mu bikoresho byubakishwaga inzu za kinyarwanda (huttes). Inzu ya kinyarwanda yabaga yubatse mu buryo bwa miviringo (circulaire), ikaba igizwe n’ibiti binini, bifatika, bashingaga bihagaze, bikitwa “imiganda” (umuganda mu bumwe). Yagirwaga kandi n’uduti duto dutambitse, tukitwa “imbariro” (urubariro mu bumwe). Imbariro zabaga zisobekeranye bigatuma abubatsi babasha guhoma inzu bakoresheje urwondo cyangwa bagasobekamo amashami y’ibiti afite amababi. Inzu kandi yagiraga igisenge gishamikiye ku gasongero ndetse igasakazwa ubwatsi. Imiganda, imbariro n’amashami y’ibiti byakoreshwaga kandi bubaka urugo rwabaga ruzengurutse inzu. Imiganda n’imbariro kandi byakoreshwaga mu kubaka ibigega bahunikamo imyaka cyangwa indaro baterekereragamo abakurambere babo.
Urubuga https://en.m.wikipedia.org ruvuga ko «The concept of Umuganda originates from Kinyarwanda word meaning woods used to construct traditional house, and can be translated as ‘coming together in common purpose to achieve an outcome’» bivuze ngo « Igitekerezo cy’umuganda gikomoka ku ijambo ry’ikinyarwanda risobanura ibiti byakoreshwaga mu kubaka inzu gakondo, gishobora kumvikana nko ‘guhuriza hamwe mu ntego imwe hagamijwe kugerwa ku gikorwa runaka ».
Birumvikana ko “umuganda” kitari ikindi uretse “igikoresho cy’ubwubatsi”.
b) Igisobanuro cy’ijambo “umuganda”
Igisobanuro cy’ijambo “umuganda” cyahawe indi nyito, ubwo mu bufatanye bwarangaga abanyarwanda, umuntu washakaga kubaka yararikaga bagenzi akabasaba amaboko (ubufasha), maze bakaza kumwubakira (kumuremera), buri wese yitwaje bya bikoresho by’ubwubatsi byavuzwe haruguru: imiganda, imbariro, isakaro… Aho niho bahereye bita bene ibyo bikorwa byo gufasha mugenzi wawe “gutanga umuganda”. Birumvikana neza ko “gutanga umuganda” cyari igikorwa cy’ubumuntu, ubushake, ubugwaneza, ubwitange n’ubupfura cyakorwaga n’umuntu ateganya cyangwa adateganya ko abandi bazakimwitura, ahubwo akagikorera umutima mwiza gusa. By’umwihariko, umuganda wahabwaga abanyantegenke n’aboroheje mu gihe abafite amikoro bakoreshaga uburyo bw’ubudehe bakenga inzonga bakararika abubatsi, bakubaka bazisangira na nyuma y’ubwubatsi bagakomeza gusabana. Nta na rimwe umuganda wigeze utangwa ku gahato.
Urubuga https://en.m.wikipedia.org rusobanura ko «The activities of umuganda, in the ancient Rwanda, included farming for those who were unable to do so due to either physical handicap or old age, building houses for the poor and providing transportation to medical facilities to those who were in need» bivuze ngo «Ibikorwa by’umuganda, mu Rwanda rwa kera, byarangwaga no guhingira abadashoboye kubyikorera bitewe n’ubumuga cyangwa ubusaza, kubakia amazu abakene no kugeza aho bashobora kubonera ubuvuzi ku babikeneye».
Igisobanuro cy’umuganda cyuzura rero iyo harimo impande ebyiri: uruhande rutanga umuganda n’uruhande ruhabwa umuganda. Nyamara mu w’1998, FPR yahinduye iki gisobanuro ijijisha amahanga ivuga ko ari ukwishakamo ibisubizo (home grown solutions) hagamijwe kuzamura ubukungu n’imibereho y’abaturage, aho gukora ibyo umuganda uhinduka intwaro y’agahotoro no guheza hasi abanyarwanda.
c) Igisobanuro FPR yahaye umuganda
Nk’uko tubikesha urubuga https://en.m.wikipedia.org, igisobanuro FPR yahaye “umuganda” ni iki: «Umuganda is a national holiday in Rwanda taking place on the last Saturday of every month for mandatory nationwide community work from 8:00 to 11:00. Participation in Umuganda is required by law, and failure to participate can result in a fine. The program was established in 2009, and has resulted in notable improvement in the cleanliness of Rwanda» bivuze ngo «Umuganda ni ikiruhuko ku rwego rw’igihugu kiba ku wa gatandatu wa nyuma wa buri kwezi kugira ngo hakorwe imirimo rusange ntayegayezwa mu gihugu hose kuva saa mbiri kugeza saa tanu. Gukora umuganda ni itegeko, kandi kutawukora bishobora kugukururira ibihano. Iyi gahunda yashyizweho muri 2009, kandi yatumye isuku yiyongera mu Rwanda ku buryo bugaragara».
DUSESENGURE:
➢ Ikiruhuko ku rwego rw’igihugu (National holiday): Igisobanuro cy’umuganda kirahindutse kuko kibaye igikorwa cy’igihugu mu gihe abanyarwanda bakoraga umuganda hagati yabo ku bushake, nta gahato.
➢ Ku wa gatandatu wa nyuma wa buri kwezi kuva saa mbiri kugeza saa tanu (The last Saturday of every month from 8:00 to 11:00): Aya ni amasaha mirongo itatu n’atandatu (36) mu mwaka yambuwe umuturage witabiriye umuganda, agata imirimo imutunze, akajya gukora iyo adahemberwa (uburetwa), nyamara ku rundi ruhande abacuruzi barakwa imisoro y’umurengera mu gihe muri ayo masaha ntacyo binjije. Birababaje!
➢ Imirimo rusange ntayegayezwa mu gihugu hose (Mandatory nationwide community work): Umuganda ubaye ntayegayezwa (mandatory), nta burenganzira na buke umunyarwanda agifite bwo kwihitiramo ibimunogeye. Ibi se hari itandukanirizo rihari urebye uko byakorwaga mu gihe cy’ubukoloni? FPR yagaruye ubukoloni mu isura y’umuganda wamaze guhindurirwa igisobanuro. Ni akaga gakomeye!
➢ Gukora umuganda ni itegeko, kandi kutawukora bishobora kugukururira ibihano (Participation in Umuganda is required by law, and failure to participate can result in a fine):
Igisobanuro cy’umuganda wa kera gihindutse itegeko riteganya n’ibihano, riratowe ryemejwe n’Inteko ishinga Amategeko, yatowe n’abaturage. Harya ubwo ba badepite ni intumwa za rubanda cyangwa abarinzi ba Leta? Igihe cyose hatabanje kubazwa abanyarwanda ngo biyumvemo umuganda waranze abasekuruza babo, nta n’impamvu muri 2009 bari kuwita umuganda, ahubwo mu by’ukuri bari kuwita igihano (TIG), abanyarwanda bagakomeza kuryozwa ibyaha batakoze aho kubisiga isura nziza kandi ari igikorwa cy’ubunyamaswa. Ni akumiro!
➢ Isuku yariyongereye mu Rwanda ku buryo bugaragara (Notable improvement in the cleanliness of Rwanda): Isuku ni isoko y’ubuzima. Ni igikorwa buri wese yakwishimira, ariko ntibyumvikana uburyo akoreshwa agahato imirimo yo gutsura isuku mu gihe yatanze amahoro y’isuku rusange atagira ingano, imisoro ndengakamere, n’amande ya buri kanya uko witsamuye uko uvuze. Ese byumvikana bite uburyo umuturage ufite agashyamba gato katarenga 0.5 Ha, yateye mu isambu ye (yakodesheje na Leta), nta wamuhaye umubyizi, imbuto cyangwa ifumbire, nyamara yajya gucamo igiti cyo gucana agacibwa amande ngo ntiyaguze uruhushya rwo gusarura ishyamba rye (uruhushya rwo gutema ibiti mu ishyamba ryawe rugura amafaranga y’u Rwanda ibihumbi makumyabiri (20,000 FRW) ku Murenge) cyangwa wangije ibidukikije, wabisaruye biteze nk’aho bazi icyo wabiteye ugamije. Aha byumvikane ko nta gihe kigenwe cyo gusarura ishyamba ryawe ku giti cyawe kuko ushobora kuritera ushaka uduti dutoya two guhembeza ibishyimbo cyangwa amashaza. Ushobora kandi gutera ibiti ushaka kuzakuramo imishoro/amakumbo (perches) yo kubakisha cyangwa yo gukoramo inzego zo gutega ibitoki ngo bidatwarwa n’umuyaga, bityo ugasarura urobanya. Ushobora no kurireka rigakura, ugakomeza gusarura urobanya ushaka ibiti byo gutwikamo amakara no kubakisha cyangwa gukoramo ibindi bikoresho by’ubukorikori (produits artisanaux). FPR rero ntikangwa ibyo, usaruye mu ishyamba rye atarishyuye 20,000 FRW, acibwa amande ashobora no kuruta agaciro k’iryo ishyamba. Kuki ayo mafaranga yose adakoreshwa isuku rusange, ahubwo hagacinyizwa ba nyakugorwa badafite n’urwara rwo kwishima? Ni agahotoro k’indengakamere!
2. Umuganda nk’intwaro y’agahotoro ya FPR
Mu gihe FPR itangiza urugamba rwo gufata ubutegetsi yashyiraga imbere kurwanya umuganda ivuga ko ari imirimo y’agahato ubutegetsi bwa Habyarimana bwakoreshaga abaturage, yo yarenzeho birenga agahato biba agahotoro, muri 2007, hajyaho n’amategeko yo gushyigikira ako gahotoro, ndetse asohoka mu igazeti ya Leta kugira ngo hatazagira uwitwaza ko atayazi (nul n’est sensé ignorer la loi). Muri aya mategeko twavuga Itegeko Ngenga No 53/2007 ryo ku wa 17/11/2007 rishyiraho umuganda ndetse n’Iteka rya Minisitiri w’Intebe No 58/03 ryo ku wa 24/08/2009 rigena inshingano, imiterere n’imikorere ya komite zigenzura umuganda n’imikoranire n’izindi nzego.
Kuva icyo gihe, umuganda wari ubaye intwaro y’agahotoro kuko noneho wari ubonye abawugenzura bitwaje inkoni y’icyuma, yiteguye guhondagura uzahirahira avuga ko ubwo buretwa butemewe n’amategeko. Umuganda wari uje nk’igikoresho cyo gupyinagaza no kubuza uburyo abanyarwanda cyane cyane ko Itegeko ryemeraga ko umuganda ushobora kuba inshuro irenze imwe mu kwezi. Ibi byabaye urwitwazo maze imiganda, hamwe na hamwe, hagashakishwa impamvu imiganda iba buri cyumweru cyangwa kabiri na gatatu mu cyumweru. Ya masaha y’agahotoro 36 yaragiye aba ibihumbi byinshi, aho wasangaga mu bihe bidasanzwe nko kwitegura amatora nayo atavugwaho rumwe cyangwa kubaka amashuri cyangwa kwitegura gusurwa n’ibikomereza, imiganda igenda igakubita iminsi 10-15 mu kwezi ukibaza igihe umuturage azakorera imirimo imutunze bikakuyobera. Ni akandare!
Urubuga https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/umuganda rwasuwe ku wa 15/02/2021 ruragira ruti: « All Rwandans aged 18 to 65, bar to participate, are legally required to take part in Umuganda; non-compliance may result in a fine of 5,000 Rwandan francs or $6.» bivuze ngo « Abanyarwanda bose bafite y’imyaka 18 na 65, uretse abadashobora kuwukora, bategetswe kwitabira Umuganda; Utabyubahirije ashobora guhanishwa amande y’amafaranga y’u Rwanda 5,000 cyangwa amadolari y’Amerika 6».
Birumvikana ko aya mafaranga ari umurengera mu gihe muri rusange umunyarwanda atunzwe n’amafaranga atageze ku idolari ry’Amerika rimwe ($1) ku munsi. Utayabonye rero arafungwa, agakubitwa, akamburwa utwe ku ngufu, hakaba n’abakurizamo ubumuga bwa burundu cyangwa imfu zikomoka ku gukubitwa.
DUFATE URUGERO RUFATIKA:
Umunyeshuri wiga muri Kaminuza y’u Rwanda. Ishami ry’Ubumenyi n’Ikorabuhanga (UR-CST) kuri Campus ya Nyarugenge i Kigali, uhabwa inguzanyo yo kwiga na Leta, agenerwa amafaranga y’u Rwanda ibihumbi mirongo ine (40,000 FRW) yo kumutunga. Akuramo 10,000FRW byo kwishyura icumbi, 15,000FRW yo kurya, 5,000FRW yo kwishyura isuku n’umutekano, 6,000FRW yo kwifashisha mu masomo (impapuro, notes…), bivuze ko asibye umuganda inshuro imwe yonyine yahita abura bya 5,000 FRW acibwa, agahita ajyanwa muri gereza, yabura bene wabo ngo bamwishyurire, akazasazira muri gereza, urugendo rwo kwiga rukarangirira aho.
Dutekereze noneho umuturage usanzwe utunzwe no guca incuro, aramutse asibye umuganda inshuro imwe yonyine uretse gukubitwa byo gupfa no kujugunywa muri gereza aho aba ashobora no gusiga ubuzima.
3. Ingaruka z’umuganda wa FPR
FPR yakinze ibikarito mu maso amahanga n’abanyarwanda yerekana ko Umuganda ari igisubizo u Rwanda rwishatsemo (home-grown solution). Ntibyagarukiye aho, mu kwezi kwa Kanama 2017, Umuyobozi w’Umujyi wa Johannesbourg Herman Mashaba, yifashishije urugero rw’umuganda wo mu Rwanda, maze gukora isuku ku bushake muri gahunda yiswe A Re Sebetseng. Ingabo ziri mu butumwa bw’amahoro bw’Umuryango w’Abibumbye muri Sudani y’Amajyepfo (UNMISS) yatangije ibikorwa nk’ibi muri Sudani y’Amajyepfo muri Kamena 2019. Iyi nkuru ya Sudani y’Amajyepfo yatangajwe na MSN ku wa 16/01/2020. Kuri iyo tariki na none Anadolu Agency yatangajwe n’Amagana y’abantu yitabiriye umuganda usoza umwaka mu Rwanda” (“Hundreds join end-of-year community work in Rwanda”, Anadolu Agency. Retrieved 2020-01- 16). Nyamara, n’ubwo bwose FPR yabeshye amahanga n’abanyarwanda bikaba ihame, ikibagiza imvuko zo mu ishyamba no ku Murindi aho yavugaga ko igifata ubutegetsi izakuraho umuganda, none ubu ukaba warayibereye intwaro y’agahotoro yo kwica no gukenesha abanyarwanda ingaruka ni nyinshi cyane. Mu bice byose bw’ubuzima bw’igihugu wasangamo ingaruka z’intwaro y’agahotoro FPR ikoresha ngo iheze abanyarwanda mu bukene bareke gutekereza ku mabi yakoze na n’ubu igikora. Reka turebe zimwe mu ngaruka za vuba zageze ku baturage ziturutse ku buretwa bwiswe umuganda bukiyibagiza umwimerere w’umuganda munyarwanda washingira ku bushake, ubwitange, ubumuntu, umutima, ubupfura, uburere, ubutwari, ubunyangamugayo, ubumuntu, n’izindi ndangagaciro zarangaga abanyarwanda.
a) Mu bukungu: Umuganda nk’intwaro y’agahotoro ya FPR wahungabanyije ubukungu kuko uretse ko n’ibikorwa rusange bikorwa ku gahato, umuturage ntiyiyumvemo uruhare rwo kubirinda, hari ingaruka zikomeye mu rwego rw’ubukungu kuko utitabiriye umuganda ahanishwa amafaranga ibihumbi bitanu (5,000 FRW). Aya mafaranga ntagaragarizwa konti ya banki ajyaho ahubwo yakirwa mu ntoki n’abantu bafitiwe icyizere gike ku buryo bashobora kuyagira ayabo (enrichissement sans cause) cyangwa agakoreshwa nk’intwaro yo gucecekesha uwo udashaka no kumukenesha. Uburambe mu bukungu (sustainable economy) bwagorana cyane mu gihe aka gahotoro gakomeje kugariza abanyarwanda n’abanyamahanga batuye mu Rwanda.
b) Mu mibereho myiza: Umuganda wakoreshejwe nk’intwaro wagize ingaruka zikomeye ku buzima (abamugajwe n’inkoni, abagize ihungabana…) ariko si abo guza abana bataye amashuri, abaturage babura ubushozbozi mu kwivuza. Uyu muganda kandi wazahaje urwego rw’isuku kuko uretse gukubura imihanda minini yo mu mujyi ngo herekanwe ko Kigali ari umujyi usukuye kurusha iyindi, ariko mu ngo nta suku na mba. Ibi biterwa n’ubushobozi FPR yanyaze abaturage ku maherere, bigaterwa kandi n’amasaha menshi batakaza bakora imirimo y’uburetwa yiswe umuganda. Gutura heza ntibishoboka mu gihe hatari amikoro ndetse biragoye kubona umuturage wishimye mu gihe atabasha kwihaza mu biribwa, gusagurira amasoko no kwizigama. Byose bitewe n’inkoni y’icyuma FPR yifashisha ngo itsikamire rubanda.
c) Kubungabunga ibidukikije: Mu gihe kubungabunga ibidukikije ari imwe mu nkingi eshatu (3) zigize iterambere rirambye (sustainable development), byamaze kugaragara ko ibikorwa bikorwa mu muganda w’agahato bitaramba kuko abanyarwanda babikora inkoni y’icyuma iri ku mugongo. Mu gihe u Rwanda rwugarijwe n’ibiabazo by’ingutu bishingiye ku mihindagurikire y’ikirere biteza imyuzure (floods), inkangu (landslides), isuri (erosion), ubutayu (desert), ubuhumane (pollution), n’ibindi, bimwe mu bisubizo byagombye kuba guca amaterasi y’indinganire (radical terraces), amaterasi yikora (progressive terraces, gutera ibiti (tree plantation), gutera imigano (bamboos plantation), gutera urubingo (French Cameroon plantation)n’ibindi, biragaragara neza cyane ko iyo ibyo bikorwa bikozwe bitaramba ntibitange n’umusaruro kuko bikorwa ku gahato kandi bigakorwa n’abaturage batabifitiye ubumenyi.
d) Ubutabera: Nta butabera bushoboka mu gihe abashinzwe kutanga ibihano baba nta bumenyi babifitiye kandi bagashingira ku mategeko yashyiriwe kwimakaza agahotoro.Usanga abaturage bapyinagazwa, bakubitwa, bafungwa mu buryo budakurikije amategeko ndetse bagakorerwa iyicwa rubozo.
e) Mu bubanyi n’amahanga: Abanyamahanga batuye cyangwa basura u Rwanda bahatirwa gukora umuganda, abanda bakabeshywa igisobanuro bakawujyana iwabo. Mu gihe rero abaturage n’abayozbozi b’ibyo bihugu bazavumburira ikinyoma cya FPR, byanze bikunze, bizateza ikibazo mu mibanire yabyo n’u Rwanda.
Ingaruka nta waziva imuzingo kuko nyinshi cyane ariko iz’ingenzi ni izi. Igiteye agahinda ni uko FPR yirengagiza nkana izi ngaruka ahubwo igashimishwa no gukomeza kwigwizaho imitungo ya rubanda, nyamara abaturage batotezwa, bagateswa, bakanyagwa, bagakubitwa, bagafungwa, bagakorerwa iyicarubozo, nyamara amahanga arebera, ahubwo yakinzwe ibikarito mu maso.
4. Icyakorwa
Mu mizo ya vuba, birakwiye ko u Rwanda rugarura umuganda w’abakurambere wari ushingiye ku bushake (volunteerism), rukareka intwaro y’agahotoro, rugasubiza inkota mu rwubati, rukareka abanyarwanda bakabaho mu mudendezo no mu bwubahane. Ibikorwa by’ingenzi bigomba gukorwa ni ibi bikurikira:
✓ Kuganiriza abaturage hakumvwa ibitekerezo byabo ku muganda ukozwe ku buzhake kandi ushingiye ku bwitange;
✓ Kuvugura Itegeko rigira umuganda agahato, hagashyirwamo umuganda ushingiye ku bushake kandi wubahiriza uburenganzira bwa muntu;
✓ Gukuraho Iteka rya Minisitiri w’Intebe rishyiraho abahotozi bashinzwe gukenesha no kwica urubozo abanyarwanda;
✓ Kubeshyuza igisobanuro gipfuye cy’umuganda cyahawe abanyarwanda n’abanyamahanga;
✓ Gutanga impozamarira ku bantu bose bagizweho ingaruka n’umuganda w’agahato ukoreshwamo uburetwa n’iyicarubozo ry’indengakamere;
✓ FPR ikwiye gusaba imbabazi abanyarwanda n’isi yose.
Umwanzuro
Abanyarwanda barababaye bihagije haba ku ngoma z’abami, mu bukoloni no kuri za Repubulika kugeza n’ubu. Imirimo y’agahato idahemberwa (uburetwa) yagiye igira ingaruka nyinshi ku buzima bw’abanyarwanda ndetse na n’ubu rukaba rukigeretse. Umuganda wa kera watangwaga ku bantu bari mu mage ndetse ugatanganwa umutima mwiza, urukundo, ishyaka, ubutwari, ubwitange, ubupfura, ubugwaneza, ubumuntu n’izindi ndangagaciro nziza zibumbiye mu muco nyarwanda, ukwiye kugarurwa hagakurwaho imirimo y’agahato n’agahotoro ndengakamere yitiriwe umuganda hagamijwe inyungu za FPR hatitawe namba ku mibereho mibi abanyarwanda bashyizwemo na FPR aho ibahohotera, igahana nta kosa, igafunga, igakenesha, ikiba iby’abandi, igakoresha nabi umutungo w’igihugu.
Byateguwe ku i Tariki ya 16/02/2021
Mwene Nyundo (Binyuze kuri Ndabaga TV)