Yanditswe na Mutimukeye Constance
Mu cyumeru cyashize hatangajwe ko Perezida wa Mozambique, inshuti ya Kagame, aregwa i Londres n’ikigo ku ikibazo cy’inguzanyo ingana na miliyari 2 z’amadorali yashyize igihugu cye mu bibazo by’amafaranga. Igice kimwe cyiyo nguzanyo kikaba cyararangiriye muri ruswa zu Ubutegetsi.
Muri iki cyegeranyo, tugiye kureba uko ikirego giteye ndetse na amavu na amavuko yuwo mwenda. Muraza kubona ko ari ikinyoma cya Leta nkuko tukibona mu Rwanda. Mubyo muza kubona nanone nuko Mozambike bayitaga “Petit Qatar” ibi bikatwibutsa ko u Rwanda barwita Singapour ya Afurica, uko inteko ishinga amategeko itamenye iby’uwo mwenda nka ya mitako yo mu Rwanda, ubu noneho yagaciye aho ihemberwa kwicara mu rugo ndetse nuko mubone uko abazungu bagira uruhare mu kwiba Afurika aho bafasha abategetsi gito gusahura ibihugu byabo.
Privinvest, ikigo gikora ubwato kiba mu mujyi wa Abu Dhabi, cyu umuherwe, ufite ubwenegihugu bwa Libani nubw’Ubufaransa, cyakoranye amasezerano na Guverinoma ya Mozambike yo gukora no kubaka ubwato bwo kuroba amafi manini (tuna) ndetse nubwo kurinda umutekano mu nyanja.
Mu kwishyura ayo masezerano, Guverinoma yafashe inguzanyo mu ibanga mu myaka ya 2013 na 2014 ihwanye na 12% by’umusaruro mbumbe w’igihugu kandi ari kimwe mu bihugu bikennye cyane ku isi. Amafaranga menshi akaba yaranyerejweye muri ruswa kugera aho igihugu kinaniwe kwishyura uwo mwenda. Aya masezerano yakozwe mbere yuko Nyusi atorwa kandi Privinvest yanze kwemera ko yatanze ruswa kugirango itsindire ayo masezerano, ivuga ko kwishyura kwayo kwari impano za politiki zari zemewe muri Mozambike mugihe yabikoze!
Privinvest ikaba yarabwiye AFP ko, ku ya 19 Ukwakira 2021, Perezida Nyusi, uyoboye Mozambike, yarezwe mu urukiko rukuru i Londres na Privinvest ku makimbirane ari hagati yayo ni igihugu ayoboye. Impapuro zi ikirego zikaba zaragejejwe i Maputo ku biro bya Nyusi no mu ngoro ya Perezida.
Iyi sosiyete yavuze ko ibirego biregwa Nyusi “bifitanye isano n’amafaranga yishyuwe ku nyungu ze, harimo no gutera inkunga ukwiyamamaza kwe mu matora y’umukuru w’igihugu ya 2014, kandi dore ko ari we wari intandaro yo gushinga no guhungabanya imishinga muri Mozambike“.
Iyo nkuru bita the “dept Scandal cyangwa Tuna bonds”, umuntu agenekereje mu Kinyarwanda, umwenda wurukozasoni, ikaba yarateje imanza ku migabane itatu yisi kandi ishyira ahagaragara ruswa ku rugero runini.
Ku i tariki ya 19 Ukwakira 2021 nanone, banki yo mu Busuwisi Credit Suisse yaciwe amande miliyoni 475 z’amadolari kubera “kuyobya abashoramari mu uburiganya” na ruswa kubera uruhare yagize mu gutanga inguzanyo. Nyusi yari minisitiri w’ingabo igihe inguzanyo zafatwaga. Ishyaka rye Frelimo riri ku butegetsi bwa Mozambike mu ntangiriro z’uyu mwaka ryahakanye ko Nyusi ahamwa n’icyaha icyo ari cyo cyose.
Nonese kuki ariwe uregwa ? kugirango tubyumve reka turebe amavu na amavuko yuwo mwenda.
2013 : umushinga mwiza ariko uhishe ikinyoma
“Tuna bonds” zo muri Mozambike ni impapuro z’umwenda wa amafi yu mu bwoko bwa tuna, zavuzweho cyane kuva mu myaka ishize kugera nanubu kubera amabanga uwo mwenda wari uhishe. Byatangiye mu mwaka wa 2013 aho Guverinoma ya Mozambike yari iyobowe na Perezida Armando Guebuza, yafashe icyemezo cyo gutangiza umushinga ukomeye.
Igitekerezo kiza ku urupapuro cyari ugutera imbere ku isoko ry’uburobyi bwa tuna ku nkombe zi igihugu, hagati y’umugabane wa Afurika na Madagasikari. Ubusanzwe ubwo burobyi bwakorwaga na abanyamahanga noneho Leta nayo yifuza kugiramo uruhare. Mu kwezi kwa kanama kuwo mwaka Leta yashinze ikigo Ematum (Empresa moçambicana de Atum – ikigo cya Mozambike cya Amafi (tuna)). Nyuma yu ukwezi kumwe Ematum yahise igura ubwato bugera kuri 30, igurira ikigo cya Abafaransa Constructions Mécaniques de Normandie (CMN), amasezerano yari afite agaciro ka miliyoni 200 za amadolari.
Kugira ngo Ematum ishobore kugura ubwo bwato yagujije hafi miliyoni 850 z’amadolari mu buryo bw’inguzanyo bwa Eurobond muri banki y’Uburusiya VTB na Credit Suisse, Leta ya Mozambike yishingirira uwo mwenda. Banki kugirango icuruze uwo mwenda, yawukataguye mu migabane myinshi iwucuruza ku bashoramari bayo benshi, ufite umusaruro wa 8.5%.
Mbere yo gukomeza, reka tubibutse ko prof charles Kambanda yadusobanuriye ko Eurobonds ari umwenda wo kwiyahura. : “Njye mbona ko abayobozi ba Afurika bagomba kwirinda gufata umwenda wa Eurobonds uko bashoboye. Eurobond tuyivuze mu izina ryayo ni ukwiyahura! Ngaho, Ngaho, gufata inguzanyo yo kwishyura indi nguzanyo ntabwo bishimishije.”Kandi nanone ko FPR yo ikomeje gufata ubwo bwoko bwinguzanyo kugirango yishure umwenda wa mbere itarashobora kwishyura, mu gihe umuryango wa Kagame urimo uragura amazu muri America!
Ngo muri icyo gihe, nta muntu n’umwe warabutswe ko amafaranga yu umwenda akubye inshuro enye amafaranga yo kugura ubwato.Ikindi kandi umubare munini wu ubwato wari uw’ubwato bwibikorwa bya gisirikare. Umusaruro mwiza wi inguzanyo (8,5%) ndetse no kuba Leta ya Mozambike yari yishingiye uwo mwenda byakuruye abashoramari benshi nka AllianceBernstein, Danske Bank, Franklin Templeton Investments, ING cyangwa Aberdeen AM. Hashize igihe aho bimenyekanye ko ubwato bumwe bwari bugenewe ibikorwa bya gisirikare, igitutu cya IMF nicy’abashoramari cyatumye abategetsi ba Mozambike bashyira igice kimwe cy’umwenda wa Ematum, icyaguze ubwato bwibikorwa bya gisirikare, mu mwenda rusange w’igihugu.
2016: Ikinyoma cyatangiye kuvumburwa
Mu mwaka wa 2016 niho ibimenyetso bya mbere byatangiye kwerekana ko ubukungu bucumbagira i Maputo. Mubyukuri, umushinga wa “Tuna Bonds”, aho guteza imbere ubukungu bw’igihugu biturutse mu uburobyi watangiye kwerekana ibimenyetso biteye impungenge.
Umusaruro uturuka mu uburobyi wageze mu uburyo bugoranye kuri 5% yintego yari iteganyijwe. Icyari miliyoni 200$ zari ziteguwe kwinjira buri mu mwaka cyabaye ibihombo, Ematum yagiye ikomeza guhomba. Igihe ntarengwa cyo kwishura umwenda wa mbere kigeze, ikigo na Leta bishyuye miliyoni 100 z’amadolari, mu kwezi kwa Nzeli 2015. Kugirango babishobore, abategetsi bakuye amafaranga mu ububiko bw’ivunjisha, ibyo byahise bigira ingaruka ku gaciro ka amafaranga yigihugu, Metical, yahise agwa.
Aha nanone uwabaza ibya RwandAir, Kigali Convention Center,…., amafaranga y’u Rwanda aho ageze….ari i Kigali yarara i Madrid yaho.
Muri Mozambike bitewe nuko ikigo cy’Abanyamerika gishinzwe ibipimo ngenderwaho Standard & Poors cyakemangaga ko Leta ishobora gutsindwa no kwishyura umwenda, amanota ya Mozambike yavuye kuri B- (gikekwa cyane mu gihe kirekire) ajya kuri CC (gifite ibibazo ariko hakaba hari amahirwe yuko bizakemuka).
Mugihe igihombo cyagendaga cyiyongera, Guverinoma byabaye ngombwa ko ivugurura umwenda wa Ematum wabarirwaga hafi miliyoni 700$ kugirango ishobore guhangana no kuwishyura mu bihe ntarengwa. Ni muri ubwo buryo umwenda wavuguruwe, 85% by’abashoramari bemera gufata inyandiko nshya zuwo mwenda wari ufite igihe cy’imyaka 10 n’umusaruro wa 14.4%. Twibutse ko wari uvuye ku 8.5%. Muri icyo gihe “Qatar nto – Petit Qatar” yari ifitiye ikizere amafaranga azinjira aturutse mu birombo bya Petroli, byari bimaze kuvumburwa, kandi biteganyijwe kutangira kubyara umusaruro mu mwaka wa 2026.
Nyamara nyuma yamasaha make amasezerano avuguruwe agiyeho umukono, abashoramari bahaye inguzanyo Leta ya Mozambike batunguwe nandi mabanga yashyizwe hanze. Mu byukuri, itangazamakuru mpuzamahanga ryagaragaje ko hari inguzanyo zihishe zafashwe n’amasosiyete Proindicus na Mozambique Asset Management (MAM) kuri miliyoni 622$ na miliyoni 535$.
Uko amabanga yasohokaga umwenda wibanga waje kugera kuri miliyari zisaga 2 z’amadolari y’Amerika. Uwo mwenda wari warahishwe abashoramali ndetse unahishwa abaterankunga bibanze ba Leta ya Mozambike harimo na IMF. Aya makuru yateje urusaku rwinshi kandi akurikirwa ningaruka zihuse muminsi yakurikiye.
IMF n’abaterankunga benshi bi ibihugu byo mu majyepfo ya Afurika, harimo Ubuyapani n’Ubwongereza, bahise batangaza ko bahagaritse imfashanyo bahaga Maputo. Umwenda wigihugu, uvuguruwe, wahise uva kuri 86% yumusaruro mbumbe mu mwaka wa 2015 ugera ku 130% mu mwaka wa 2016.
Mu gihugu ndetse no ku rwego mpuzamahanga, abantu batangiye kuvuga ko ari inkuru y’urukozasoni, Guverinoma yari yabanje guhakana ukuri yisanze nta yandi mahitamo ifite uretse ayo kwatura kugirango igabanye ingaruka zibyo bintu.
Umwenda uhishe kandi… utanyuze mu mategeko?
Kugirango umucyo yuko ibintu byagenze utangwe, hasabwe iperereza ryigenga rikorwa ni ikigo cy’Abanyamerika Kroll Inc., nyuma yirya komite y’abadepite ryabonetse nkiridahagije kandi rituzuye. Amaperereza andukanye yakozwe yagaragaje ko iyo myenda yakozwe mu ibanga muburyo butandukanye.
Nkizindi guzanyo nyinshi zavugwagwa muri urwo rubanza, raporo zerekanye ko inguzanyo ingana na miliyoni 850$ Leta yishingiye, yafashwe inteko ishinga amategeko itabyemeye. Ibyo bikaba byaratesheje agaciro ingwate yatanzwe na guverinoma kuko itegeko nshinga rya Mozambique riteganya ko ari Inteko ishinga amategeko yonyine ishobora kugira ubwo bubasha. Byongeye kandi, amafaranga Leta yishingiye yarengaga cyane igisenge cyemerwaga n’amategeko agenga imari ya 2013 na 2014, bityo uwo mwenda wari utemewe n’amategeko ya Mozambike.
Byongeye kandi, kuba sosiyete Ematum yari itazwi n’abaturage muri Mozambike ndetse n’Inteko Ishinga Amategeko, byateshaga agaciro ubusugire bw’igikorwa cyakozwe.
Byongeye kandi, abayobozi benshi mu nzego za Leta byarangiye bemeye ko umushinga wo kuroba tuna wari ugamije guhisha ibikorwa bigali bya Leta byo kugura intwaro zubwato (ubwato bwa gisirikare, sisitemu yo kugenzura, ubwubatsi bwa gisirikare kunyanja) mu rwego rwo kurinda umutekano wi igihugu, ubwato bukorwa n’ikigo Pivinvest cy’umunyefaransa nu mu libani Iskandar Safa.
“Kuva tugitangira, twifuzaga miliyari 2 z’amadolari ya Proindicus” nkuko byavuzwe na Antonio do Rosario, umuyobozi w’amasosiyete atatu ya Mozambike yabigizemo uruhare, mbere yo kongeraho ko “biragaragara ko tutashoboraga kuvuga, cyangwa kubwira amabanki, cyangwa undi muntu uwo ariwe wese, ko uburobyi butari umushinga nyamukuru.”
Ku rundi ruhande, raporo ya Kroll yerekanye ko amato 30 yaguzwe na Leta ya Mozambike yongerewe igiciro cyane. Imibare yerekanye ko itandukaniro ryari hagati yagaciro nyako na amafaranga yari yateganyijwe kugura ubwo bwato ari miliyoni 713$.
Nyuma yaho haje kugaragazwa ko miliyari zisaga 1.5 z’amadolari y’uwo mwenda yazimiye mu kirere kandi ntawashoboraga kuzikozaho intoki. Ibyo byatumye abantu bibwira ko umushinga “Tuna Bonds” wemereye Leta ya Mozambike gutangiza igikorwa kinini cyo kunyereza umutungo mu buyobozi bukuru bwa Leta ya Mozambike.
Ibibazo, abarenganye nindishyi
Kimwe nkigikorwa cyamafaranga kivugwa, ikigaragara nuko hari umutaka wi ibanga uhishiye ababigizemo uruhare bi ingenzi, kuburyo nyuma yimyaka irenga ibiri [aha hari muri 2019], amakonti amafaranga yagiyeho ataramenyekana.
Nubwo Guverinoma ya perezida uriho ubu Felipe Nyusi igeregeza gukosora ibyangiritse no kuganira ku mwenda. Mu Gushyingo gushize [2018] iki gihugu cyerekanye ko nta bushobozi gifite bwo kwishyura umwenda ku mugaragaro kuva muri Mutarama 2017, cyongerewe igihe cyo kwishyura amafaranga angana na miliyoni 726.5$ z’amadolari yumwenda wafashwe. Inteko ishinga amategeko, yageze aho, yemeza mu mpitagihe, imyenda yafashwe na guverinoma yahozeho.
IMF, yo, ivuga ko itigeze imenya ibyizo nguzanyo. Amabanki abiri akomeye yavuzwe muri urwo rubanza (VTB na Credit Suisse) ngo ntiyigeze asaba uruhushya Banki ya Mozambike nu urukiko rubishinzwe ndetse ngo abimenyeshe IMF mbere yo gutangiza iki gikorwa. Kandi kuba ayo mabanki yarafashe komisiyo ngo akore iki gikorwa ntabwo bifasha ibintu.
Dr. Joseph Hanlon wo muri Open University yabivuzeho gutya “ibi bimenyetso byose by’ibintu bitagenze neza birakomeye cyane ku buryo byari bikwiye kugaragarira Credit Suisse, VTB ndetse n’abandi batanze inguzanyo ko uyu mushinga utari mwiza”. Mu mwaka wa 2019, ubutabera bwabanyamerika bwinjiye muri iki kibazo kuburyo abantu bari biteguye kureba ikizasohoka muri iyi “tuna bond”.
Ibyo ari byo byose, abarengana buyu mushinga ni abaturage ba Mozambike. Mu gihe iki gihugu kiza ku mwanya wa 180 ku isi mu bijyanye n’iterambere ry’abantu, uyu mwenda uzarushaho kwangiza imibereho y’abaturage bari basanzwe babuze amikoro yo kubaho neza.
Niba kandi haravumbuwe ibirombo bigali bya gazi mu gihugu byari byatanze ibyiringiro byo kubaho neza, nta gushidikanya ko bizaba ngombwa gutegereza no gukomeza kwihangana … kugeza igihe abashoramali babihombeyemo bishyuwe imyenda yabo.
Nyuma yimyaka ibiri iyi nkuru ikozwe, muri uku kwezi kukwakira 2021, amakuru nuko Ubutabera bwo muri America, bukurikirana abantu batatu bahoze ari abanyamabanki ba Credit Suisse ndetse n’uwahoze ari minisitiri w’imari wa Mozambique, Manuel Chang, ku icyaha cy’uburiganya no kunyereza amafaranga muri icyo gikorwa cyurukozasoni. Nk’uko bigaragara mu nyandiko y’ibirego, Bwana Chang hamwe n’abanyamabanki “bashizeho imishinga yibikorwa byo mu nyanja nka balinga hagamijwe kwikiza no kunyereza nkana amwe mu mafaranga yavuye mu nguzanyo” mu rwego rwo gutanga ruswa no gusubiza inyuma amafaranga agera kuri miliyoni 200 (gusibiza amafaranga abo muri banki bagize uruhare muri ubwo buriganya). Abanyamabanki batatu bakaba bararangije kwatura.
Kubusabe bwa Leta Zunze Ubumwe za America,uyu Manuel Chang, akaba afungiwe muri Afurica yepfo ariko nayo ikaba yararangije kwemerera Mozambike ko azasubizwa igihugu cye kugirango yitabire urubanza rwatangiye mu kwezi kwa Kanama muri Mozambike.
Muri urwo rubanza hararegwamo abantu 19 bakoraga mu nzego zu umutekano ndetse n’umuhungu wa Armando Guebuza wayoboye Mozambike kuva mu mwaka wa 2005 kugera muri 2015.
Amasomo tuvanamo nka Abanyarwanda nuko :
- Ubutabera butagira imipaka,
- Ntushobora gusahura igihugu ngo biguhire, aho harabwirwa FPR,
- Umwenda wu u Rwanda ugeze kuri 81% by’umusaruro mbumbe wigihugu. Kandi iyo mishinga iyo myenda yafatiwe nta musaruro ugaragara itanga. Iminsi ya Abajura bo muri FPR irabaze.
Constance Mutimukeye