Yanditswe na Remezo Rodriguez
Nk’uko tutahwemye kubivuga, abahanga mu by’ubukungu bavuga ko uburyo bumwe rukumbi bwo kuzamura ubukungu bw’igihugu ari ukongera umusaruro w’ibikorerwa imbere mu gihugu, kongera ibyoherezwa mu mahanga no kugabanya ibitumizwa hanze y’igihugu. Ntibavuga rumwe ku kuba habaho kuzamura igipimo cy’inyungu fatizo ku mafaranga ahabwa banki z’ubucuruzi nk’inguzanyo. Abenshi bemeza ko iyo igipimo cy’inyungu fatizo kizamuwe na Banki y’Igihugu, amabanki y’ubucuruzi nayo ahita azamura inyungu ku bakiliya bayo, abantu bakifata mu gufata inguzanyo, amafaranga akaba make mu baturage, bushobozi bwo guhaha bugasubira inyuma. Ibi rero nta handi bishyira ubukungu bw’igihugu uretse ku gacuri, kuhava bikagorana.
Nk’aho rero ibi byose Leta ya FPR itazi ibi ngibi, aho kuzamura umusaruro no guha urubyiruko rwinshi akazi, Banki Nkuru y’Igihugu (BNR) imaze kuzamura igipimo cy’inyungu fatizo itangiraho amafaranga yayo kuri banki z’ubucuruzi, ku kigero cya 55.5%, mu gihe kitarenze umwaka umwe, ikavuga ko ari mu rwego rwo gukumira izamuka rikabije ry’ibyiciro ku isoko no gukomeza gushyigikira izahuka ry’ubukungu, kandi atari byo.
Muri rusange, muri Gashyantare 2022, igipimo cy’inyungu fatizo BNR itangiraho amafaranga yayo kuri banki z’ubucuruzi cyari 4.5% yongeraho 0.5% kiba kibaye 5%, ni ukuvuga izamuka ringana na 11.1%. Muri Gicurasi uwo mwaka icyo gipimo cyarekewe kuri 5%, ariko bigeze muri Kanama 2022 cyongerwaho 1% kiba 6% bivuze izamuka rya 33.3% ugereranyije n’uko byari bimeze muri Gashyantare 2022.
Mu kwezi k’Ugushyingo 2022, igipimo cy’inyungu fatizo BNR itangiraho amafaranga yayo kuri banki z’ubucuruzi cyongeye kuzamurwa gishyirwa 6.5%, bivuze izamuka rya 44.4% ugereranyije n’uko byari bihagaze muri Gashyantare 2022, aho iki gipimo cyari 4.5% cyari kimaze kuzamukaho 2%.
Guverinoma y’u Rwanda yakomeje kubeshya ko ubukungu bwiyongereye, ariko abaturage bategereza ko ibiciro ku masoko bimanuka, baraheba, ahubwo bikomeza kuzamuka umusubizo. Mu buryo bwo gukomeza gutsindagira ikinyoma, ku wa 16/02/2023, BNR yatangaje ko yazamuye igipimo cy’inyungu fatizo itangiraho amafaranga yayo kuri banki z’ubucuruzi, kiva kuri 6.5% kigera kuri 7%, ivuga na none ko ari mu rwego rwo gukumira izamuka rikabije ry’ibiciro ku isoko no gukomeza gushyigikira izahuka ry’ubukungu.
Ibi rero byo kuba igipimo cy’inyungu fatizo itangiraho amafaranga yayo kuri banki z’ubucuruzi cyaravuye kuri 4.5% muri Gashyantare 2022 kikagera kuri 7% muri Gashyantare 2023, bivuze ko kiyongereyeho 2.5%, bisobanuye izamuka rya 55.5%. Nta kabuza rero banki z’ubucuruzi nazo zigomba kuzamura inyungu ku nguzanyo ziha abakiliya bazo, ibintu bizatuma habaho ihanantuka ry’ubukungu mu buryo bukabije. Guverineri wa BNR, John Rwangombwa yabwiye umuzindaro wa Leta, Igihe.com, mu nkuru yo ku wa 16/02/2023, ko ari umwanzuro wafatiwe mu Nama ya Komite ya Politiki y’Ifaranga y’iki gihembwe yateranye muri iki Cyumweru. Avuga ko iyi nama ari yo igena igipimo cy’inyungu fatizo ya Banki Nkuru kizagenderwaho mu mezi atatu ari imbere. Rwangombwa yavuze kandi ko ku rwego mpuzamahanga, ibiciro biri kugabanuka, ibintu bizafasha u Rwanda kuba narwo ibiciro byarwo byagabanyuka, yongeraho ko mu mpera za 2023 aribwo hashobora kuzagaragara impinduka mu igabanuka ry’ibiciro ku buryo bishobora kuzajya hasi ya 8%.
Mu gusobanura neza uko ibiciro bizamuka bikanagabanuka, Rwangombwa yifashishije urugero, ku kintu kigura amafaranga 500 FRW muri Gashyantare uyu mwaka, avuga ko mu gihe kizaba cyongereweho 200 FRW muri Werurwe uyu mwaka, kikagura 700 FRW, bizaba bivuze ko ukuzamuka kw’ibiciro kwiyongereyeho ayo 200 FRW, izamuka rikazaba ari 40% mu gihe cy’ukwezi kumwe, ariko niba icyo kintu cyaraguraga 560 FRW muri Werurwe 2022, ubwo izamuka ry’ibiciro riba ribaye 25%, kuko hagereranywa ukwezi kwa Werurwe uyu mwaka n’ukwezi nk’uko umwaka ushize, izamuka rikazongera kubarwa umwaka utaha.
Imibare itangwa na BNR yerekana ko mu bihembwe bitatu bya mbere by’umwaka wa 2022, umusaruro mbumbe w’imbere mu gihugu wiyongerereyeho 8.5% nyuma y’izamuka rya 10.9% mu 2021 no kugabanuka ku kigero cya 3.4% mu 2020. Ibyo u Rwanda rutumiza mu mahanga byazamutse ku kigero cya 31.4% mu 2022 na 23.6% mu 2021. Icyuho hagati y’ibyo rwohereza n’ibyo rutumiza mu mahanga cyiyongereyeho 19.1%. Agaciro k’ifaranga ry’u Rwanda ugereranyije n’idolari ry’Amerika ko kagabanutseho 6.05% mu 2022 ugereranyije na 3.82% mu 2021. Mu mwaka wa 2022, u Rwanda rwari rufite ubwizigame bw’amadovize ashobora gufasha gutumiza mu mahanga ibicuruzwa na serivisi mu gihe kingana n’amezi 4.2.
Iyo rero urebye iyi mibare ubwayo ubona ko nta cyizere itanga, tutanirengagije ko imyinshi aba ari imitekinikano, aho usanga ari imibare ihabwa abaguriza u Rwanda, rugakomeza kugwiza amakonti ya FPR, abaturage bicira isazi mu jisho. Aho kugira ngo Leta irebe inyungu z’umuturage ikomeza gucurika ibintu.
Uburyo Leta y’u Rwanda icurika ibintu ni uko aho kongera umusaruro ngo ibintu bibe byinshi ku isoko, bitume ibiciro bigabanuka, Leta ihitamo kuvana amafaranga mu baturage, bityo bagahurira ku isoko, bagura duke duhari, ariko kuko ubushobozi bwo kugura buba ari bucye cyane, abaguzi baba bacye cyane, igiciro kikagabanuka. Ibi rero ibivuga ititaye ko iyo ubushobozi bwo guhaha bwagabanutse bamwe babigenderamo, bakicwa n’inzara kandi abandi bamena ibiryo cyangwa byabuze abaguzi.
Iyo wumvise uburyo Guverineri wa BNR, John Rwangombwa abisobanura usanga ari byo, ariko biracuritse kuko abaturage benshi babigenderamo. Nibyo kuko iyo abantu badafite amafaranga, ibicuruzwa bibura ababigura, ba nyirabyo bakamanura ibiciro, ariko ni ha handi bigurwa na ba bandi bacye, bafite n’ayo macye.
Iyo Rwangombwa asobanura uburyo bucuritse agira ati: «Ibiciro bishobora kuzamuka kubera ko iyo mfite amafaranga ngasanga igiciro cyazamutse, ndagura ntacyo mba nitayeho, ariko iyo mfite amafaranga macye, n’iyo igiciro kizamutse, ntekereza kabiri mbere y’uko ngura. Icyo gihe wa wundi wazamuraga igiciro bikamuca intege ntakomeze kuzamura kubera ko yabuze abaguzi.» Uku rero Rwangombwa atekereza biracuritse kuko umuyobozi mwiza utekerereza abo ayobora yakagombye kuvuga ati: «Iyo ibicuruzwa byabaye byinshi ku isoko, utitaye ku bushobozi bw’abaguzi, ibiciro biramanuka, maze ab’amikoro make n’ab’amikoro menshi bakabasha kugura», aho kuvuga ngo tuzagabanya amafaranga mu baturage, abacuruzi nibabura ababagurira bazagabanya ibiciro. Bazabigabanya se bigurwe na nde? Ahubwo uzasanga ibicuruzwa ari bikeya n’ibihari biborera mu masoko kuko nta baguzi. Abajijwe n’umunyamakuru wa Radio&TV10 ku bijyanye n’umusaruro, John Rwangombwa yavuze ko izamuka ry’ibiciro ku masoko riterwa n’ibintu bitandukanye birimo ibura ry’ibiribwa ku masoko na ryo riba ryatewe n’impamvu zinyuranye zirimo nk’ibura ry’imvura. Yongeye gusobanura ko iki cyemezo cya BNR kigamije kugabanya amafaranga akoreshwa hanze ariko ko ubwacyo kitahita kigabanya izamuka ry’ibiciro ariko ko cyagabanya umuvuduko wabyo, ibiribwa bikagabanyuka bigasubira umusaruro uramutse ubaye mwiza.
Uku gucurika ibintu ku butegetsi bwa FPR atari impanuka, ahubwo biri mu mugambi mubisha wo gukenesha abaturage, kugira ngo bahore bayipfukamiye. FPR iramutse iretse umuturage agahinga ibyo ashaka, yakwihaza mu biribwa, ibyo akenera ku isoko bikaba bicye, kandi byanze bikunze umusaruro wiyongereye, abagura bakaba bacye, ibiciro byagabanyuka, hagasigara guhangana n’ibiciro by’ibituruka hanze, akenshi usanga n’u Rwanda rudafiteho ijambo, kuko atari rwo rugena ibiciro. Kumva rero ko gukenesha abaturage ari byo byagabanya ibiciro ku masoko ni imibare ipfuye, imeze nko kuvuga ngo duhanike ibiciro byo kwivuza, abarwayi bapfire mu ngo, kugira ngo dukemure ikibazo cy’imirongo miremire kwa muganga. Gukemura ikibazo cy’imirongo, abantu bapfa hirya no hino ntacyo byaba bimaze.
Remezo Rodriguez