Yanditswe na Manzi Uwayo Fabrice
Kimwe mu bigena iterambere mu bukungu bw’igihugu ni uburezi n’ubumenyi bw’abaturage bacyo. Ubukene n’ubujiji byo ni pata na rugi mu kubasubiza inyuma. Ntibishoboka ko wasanga uburezi buteye imbere mu duce twazahajwe n’ubukene kuko n’iyo butangwa imiryango ikennye yohereza abana gushaka imibereho kuruta kujya mu ishuri.
Ibihugu byinshi bifite ikigereranyo kiri hasi cy’abize ubisanga muri Aziya y’Amajyepfo, iy’Uburengerazuba, na Afurika yo munsi y’Ubutayu bwa Sahara. Utu turere n’ubundi ni two tubarizwamo abantu bakennye cyane ku isi. Ku isi hose abazi gusoma no kwandika uhurije hamwe abagore n’abagabo ni 86.3% nk’uko ikusanyamibare rya World Population Review ribigaragaza.
Abagabo bari hagati y’imyaka 15 gusubiza hejuru bazi gusoma no kwandika bangana na 90% mu gihe abagore ari 82.7%. Mu bihugu bya mbere bifite abaturage benshi bazi gusoma no kwandika ku isonga haza Uzbekistan ifite abagera kuri 99.99% hagendewe ku bipimo byo mu 2018 na Ukraine ifite 99.97% hagendewe ku ya 2012. Mu bifite abaturage bake bajijutse ku isonga haza Tchad ifite ijanisha rya 22.31%; Guinea (32.00%) na Sudani y’Epfo (34.52%).
Nko mu Karere u Rwanda ruhereyemo, imibare yo mu 2021 igaragaza ko ikigereranyo cy’abazi gusoma no kwandika mu Burundi cyari 74.71 %; Tanzania ari 81.8 %, Uganda bari 79% na 88.86% muri RDC.
Ku ruhande rw’u Rwanda, ibyavuye mu Ibarura Rusange ry’Abaturage n’Imiturire by’Abanyarwanda ryakozwe ku nshuro ya gatanu mu 2022, bigaragaza ko 2,954,770 mu barenga miliyoni 8.2 bafite imyaka kuva kuri 15 gusubiza hejuru, batigeze bakandagira mu ishuri. Aba bangana na 22.3%. Ibi bipimo bigaragaza ko mu bice by’imijyi abatarageze mu ishuri ari bake (18%) ugereranyije na 24% mu byaro. Umubare w’abagore batageze mu ishuri uri hejuru ugereranyije n’uw’abagabo; ni ukuvuga 23% na 21 %
nk’uko bikurikirana. Ikindi, abagabo bageze muri kaminuza ni benshi ugereranyije n’abagore (3.8 kuri 2.8%). Muri rusange Abanyarwanda bazi gusoma no kwandika mu bari muri icyo cyiciro ni 79% (barenga miliyoni 6.5). Bijyanye n’intego ya gahunda ya Guverinoma yo kwihutisha iterambere, NST1, u Rwanda rwiyemeje kwimakaza ubukungu bushingiye ku bumenyi.
Itegeko rigenga uburezi kuri ubu rigena ko imyaka yo kwiga iva kuri 6 kugeza kuri 11 mu mashuri abanza na 12 kugeza kuri 17 ku bo mu mashuri yisumbuye. Nyamara kugeza ubu 81% by’abo bana ni bo biga. Abagera kuri 13% ntabwo biga na ho 6% ntibigeze bakandagira mu ishuri. Iki kigero cy’imyaka cyari hagati ya 7 na 12 ku biga mu mashuri abanza na 12 na 18 ku bo mu yisumbuye ubwo ibarura rusange ry’abaturage rya 2012 ryakorwaga.
Ijanisha ry’abana bitabira ishuri mu byiciro byombi (amashuri abanza n’ayisumbuye) riratandukana ugereranyije n’agace baherereyemo. Nko mu Ntara y’Amajyaruguru ni 63% naho mu Mujyi wa Kigali bakaba 69%. Mu Karere ka Ngororero ni 58% mu gihe Nyamasheke ari 72%. By’umwihariko mu biga mu mashuri yisumbuye, ni ukuvuga abo mu kigero cy’imyaka 12-18, abitabira ishuri ni 71% mu mijyi na 64% mu byaro.
Igipimo cy’abari mu cyiciro cy’abagomba kwiga amashuri abanza ni 89.3%; ab’igitsina gore nibo benshi ugereranyije n’ab’igitsina gabo. Ibyavuye muri iri barura kandi bigaragaza ko umubare w’abana ku mugore umwe urimo kugabanuka bijyanye na gahunda yo kuboneza urubyaro u Rwanda rufite, aho umugore umwe abarwaho abana 3.6 bavuye ku bana 6 mu 2002. Ubwo yasobanuraga iby’ibi bipimo mu Nama y’Umushyikirano ya 18 yateranye kuva ku wa 27 kugeza ku wa 28 Gashyantare 2023, Umuyobozi Mukuru w’Ikigo cy’Igihugu cy’Ibarurishamibare, Murangwa Yusuf, yavuze ko uyu mubare uzakurikiranirwa hafi kugira ngo utazamanuka cyane kuko hari igihe byateza ikibazo.
Uburumbuke bugenda buhinduka ugereranyije n’uko abagore bamaze igihe kirekire mu ishuri. Nk’abagore babashije kwiga kuva ku mashuri yisumbuye cyangwa gukomeza, ikigereranyo cy’abana babyara ni 3.4 ku mugore mu gihe abize abanza gusa ari 3.9 ku mugore. Iri barura kandi ryerekanye ko abagera kuri 77% by’abaturage bazi nibura rumwe mu ndimi zikoreshwa mu gihugu ni ukuvuga Ikinyarwanda, Igifaransa, Icyongereza n’Igiswayire. Ikinyarwanda ni rwo rurimi rukoreshwa na benshi kuko 54% bafite imyaka kuva kuri 15 gusubiza hejuru bavuga Ikinyarwanda cyonyine, ni ukuvuga ko ari abarenga miliyoni enye.
Abagera kuri 14% bavuga Ikinyarwanda n’Icyongereza; 2% bavuga Ikinyarwanda n’Igifaransa (abarenga ibihumbi 165) mu gihe abavuga Ikinyarwanda, Icyongereza n’Igifaransa ari 4% (basaga ibihumbi 331). Abatazi indimi nyinshi ni bake mu mijyi (6.5%) mu gihe mu ntara bari hagati ya 22.4% na 24.9%.
Imibare yatangajwe na Minisiteri y’Uburezi mu 2015, yerekanaga ko 35% by’abagore bose mu Rwanda batazi gusoma no kwandika mu gihe mu bagabo bose bari mu gihugu 27% aribo batabizi. N’ubwo bwose iyi mibare yerekana ko u Rwanda rukiri inyuma cyane, abiga nabo bagongwa n’ireme ry’uburezi ryazahaye, bityo abiga bagasohoka za kaminuza nta bumenyi bafite buhagije bwatuma bahangana ku isoko ry’umurimo.
Kuri uyu wa Gatandatu, tariki ya 18 Werurwe 2023, ubwo yaganiraga n’itangazamakuru, Minisitiri w’Ubutegetsi bw’Igihugu, Musabyimana Jean Claude yatangaje ko mu bagororerwa mu Kigo Ngororamuco cya Iwawa mu Murenge wa Boneza w’Akarere ka Rutsiro, harimo abantu 17 barangije kwiga kaminuza.
Iwawa ni kimwe mu bigo bigororerwamo abantu bafite imyitwarire ibangamiye umuryango mugari, irimo ubusinzi, gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge, ubujura n’ibindi. Baba biganjemo urubyiruko. Abajyanwa Iwawa bavurwa indwara baba baratewe n’ingeso mbi baba barijanditsemo zirimo n’uburwayi bwo mu mutwe, bakanigishwa imyuga irimo ububaji, ubudozi, ubwubatsi, ubuhinzi bwa kijyambere no gutwara ibinyabiziga.
Ku wa Kane, tariki 16 Werurwe 2023, Minisitiri Musabyimana yari mu Nteko Ishinga Amategeko aho yaganiriye na Komisiyo y’Ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda, Uburenganzira bwa Muntu no Kurwanya Jenoside.
Mu byo abadepite bagaragarije MINALOC, harimo ikibazo cy’ubwiyongere bukabije bw’abajyanwa mu bigo ngororamuco, basaba ko hashyirwaho ingamba zikomeye zo guhangana n’iki kibazo.
Perezida w’iyi komisiyo, Nyirahirwa Veneranda yagaragaje ko n’ubwo MINALOC isaba ingengo y’imari kugira ngo ibashe gushyira mu bikorwa gahunda zo kugorora, ahubwo hakwiye gushyirwa imbaraga mu gukumira. Ati : «Iyo urebye mu bigo ngororamuco hirya no hino mu gihugu, umubare w’abajyamo ugenda wiyongera. Ukurikije aho tugeze na gahunda n’inzego zitandukanye n’uburyo bwose bukoreshwa ngo abantu bagororoke, usanga bigoye. » Yongeyeho ati : «Ibi ndabivuga ko mwari muvuze ngo bongere ingengo y’imari. Nibyo ingengo y’imari irakenewe, ariko se, ingengo y’imari twakagombye kuba tuyishyira mu kugorora abantu bagoramye, cyangwa twakagombye kuyishyira mu gukumira? »
Depite Nyirahirwa avuga ko hari igitekerezo cy’uko ingengo y’imari nini yashyirwa mu gukumira cyane cyane mu mashuri yaba abanza cyangwa za kaminuza. Ati : « Aha rero, hari igitekerezo cyo gushyira ingufu mu kurera abantu no kubatoza imyitwarire iboneye bihereye mu miryango […] aho gushyira ingufu mu bigo bigorora, hajyamo miliyari nyinshi, twakagombye kuba tuzishyira muri izi gahunda zo gukora ikuiura ariko no guteza imbere uburezi abantu bakabona ibyo bakora. »
Avuga ko ibi byose byo kuba hari abana bakiri mu bigo by’inzererezi ari ingaruka z’ibibazo biba byahereye mu miryango hasi.
Mu gusubiza, Minisitiri Musabyimana yagize ati : « Ntabwo ibigo ngororamuco bizavaho, yewe ntabwo kaminuza zizavaho […]. Byose bizabaho ahubwo byose byunganirane kubera ko no mu bigo ngororamuco dufitemo n’abantu barangije amashuri. Iwawa dufitemo 17 barangije kaminuza. Ibyo biravuga ngo ntabwo kaminuza ari igisubizo cy’imyitwarire mibi. Icyo kibazo cy’abafite imyitwarire mibi kiri hasi mu miryango, ariko ni ukuvuga ngo igihe cyose kigihari tugomba gushyiraho ibikorwaremezo bifasha mu kugikemura. »
Minisitiri Musabyimana yavuze ko kubera ko ikibazo kiriho ari yo mpamvu hakenewe ubushobozi bwo kugihashya, bikajyana n’ibisubizo bitanga umusaruro. Ati : « Abo bantu nkeneye amafaranga yo kubagorora, kuko ntabwo ngiye kubasubiza inyuma, ntabwo bikunda kuko barahari. Ngomba kubikora mu buryo busanzwe, ubwo buryo rero kugira ngo mbushyire mu bikorwa nkeneye ibikorwaremezo. »
Yakomeje agira ati : « Hanyuma rero ikindi tugomba gukora ibintu byo gukumira, tujye ku muryango. Umuryango Nyarwanda uhagaze ute? Ni iki turi gukora kugira ngo ugire ubusugire, ubashe kurera abana ufite; ndavuga ibyo kurandura ubukene no kwibutsa abantu gusubira mu nshingano zabo. »
Minisitiri Musabyimana avuga ko hari ibihugu usanga nk’Ikigo cya Iwawa gikora mu buryo bwo gufasha abantu babaswe n’imyitwarire mibi cyangwa ibiyobyabwenge, ku buryo usanga kukijyanamo umwana ababyeyi ari bo babyishyurira.
Ibi rero byose ni ingaruka zo kwangirika kw’ireme ry’uburezi twazaniwe na FPR aho usanga hafi 1/3 cy’abaturage bose batarakandagiye mu ishuri, n’abagizengo barangije kaminuza bakisanga bishoye mu ngeso mbi zituma abatari bake bisanga mu bigo ngororamuco birimo Iwawa n’ahandi hirya no hino mu gihugu.
Ibi rero nta kundi byacika uretse kuba Abanyarwanda bose bahaguruka bakitabira Impinduramatwara Gacanzigo, kuko ari yo yonyine yatuma hubakwa igihugu kizira ubukene n’ubujiji, igihugu kizira intambara umunyarwanda arwana n’undi, igihugu cyubakiye ku mahame ashyira imbere iterambere rirambye.
Manzi Uwayo Fabrice