ICYEGERANYO : “IBYAKOZWE N’INTUMWA : INTUMWA ZAHAGARARIYE IMPANDE ZOMBI MU MASEZERANO Y’AMAHORO Y’ARUSHA ZARENGEYE HE ?” Igice cya kane
Muri rusange intumwa zagize zatumwe mu Masezerano y’Amahoro y’Arusha zigera kuri 49, ariko zose ntizagize uruhare rungana. Ntacyo rero ikiganiro « IBYAKOZWE N’INTUMWA » cyaba kibamariye, kiramutse kiberetse ibikorwa by’indashyikirwa izi ntumwa zakoze, ariko ntikibagezeho aho izi ntumwa ziherereye muri iki gihe. Kuvuga kuri buri ntumwa byatwara ikiganiro cy’amasaha menshi ariko muri iki kiganiro turabagezaho gusa ubuzima bw’intumwa nke muri izi mu gihe cya nyuma y’aya masezerano.
Habyarimana Juvénal
Juvénal Habyarimana yavukiye muri Komini Karago ku Gisenyi, ku itariki ya 08/03/1937. Ni mwene Ntibazirikana Jean Baptiste na Nyirazuba Souzanne. Ntibazirikana Jean Baptiste yari uwa Rugwiro waje kwitirirwa Village Urugwiro ku butegetsi bw’umwuzukuru we. Rugwiro yari uwa Ruhara rwa Ndabateze wa Muhinda wa Mpaka wa Buronko bwa Nyamwendaruba wa Nkwama wa Samare wa Cyuhura cya Mateke, akaba Umwungura.
Nyuma yo kwiga amashuri abanza ku Gisenyi, ayisumbuye yayarangirije muri Collège Saint Paul i Bukavu muri Congo-Mbirigi, ahabwa impamyabumenyi mu Mibare, bituma mu 1958 yinjira muri Kaminuza ya Lovanium, aho yari agiye kwiga Ubuganga, mu Mujyi witwaga Léopoldville ari yo Kinshasa y’ubu. Mu gihe gito ibyabaye mu rwanda mu 1959 byatumye ata ishuri ahubwo yinjira mu ishuri ry’Abofisiye i Kigali, ryitwa E.O. (École des Officiers) arirangiza afite amanota yo hejuru (Distinction) mu 1961.Yahise ahabwa inshingano mu gisirikare yungiriza Umubiligi, ni nawe wazamuye ibendera ku munsi w’ubwigenge, ku wa 01/07/1962, ahita ashakana na Agathe Kanziga, mu 1963.
Ku wa 29/06/1963, ubwo yari afite ipeti rya Lieutenant yashinzwe kuyobora igisirikare cy’u Rwanda, cyitwaga « Garde Nationale Rwandaise », maze nyuma y’imyaka ibiri agirwa Minisitiri w’ingabo na Polisi.
Ku wa 05 Nyakanga 1993, afatanyije n’abasirikare 10 bakoze icyo bise « Les Onze Camarades du 5 juillet ». maze bahirika ku butegetsi Perezida Grégoire Kayibanda. Abasirikare bafatanyije na Habyarimana Juvénal wari umaze kugera ku ipeti rya Général Major, ukurikije uko barutanaga mu gukomera ni aba bakurikira : Lt. Col. Kanyarengwe Alexis, Maj. Nsekalije Aloys, Maj. Benda Sabin, Maj. Ruhashya Epimaque, Maj. Gahimano Fabien, Maj. Munyandekwe Jean Népomuscène, Maj. Serubuga Laurent, Maj. Buregeya Bonaventure, Maj. Ntibitura Bonaventure na Maj. Simba Aloys, bose b’Abahutu uretse Maj. Ruhashya Epimaque wari Umututsi.
Akigera ku butegetsi yasheshe amashyaka yose maze mu 1975 ashinga ishyaka rimwe rukumbi, MRND, buri munyarwanda wese yagomba kuvuka aririmo. Yabaye umunyagitugu ukomeye, akajya yiyamamaza wenyine kandi agatsinda amatora ku kigero cyo hejuru : Mu matora yo ku wa 24/12/1978 yagize amajwi 98.99%, ku wa 19/12/1983 agira 99.97%, ku wa 19/12/1988 agira 99.98%. Nyuma y’intambara yagabweho na FPR-Inkotanyi ku wa 01/10/1990, yemeye imishyikirano maze asinya Amasezerano y’Arusha ku wa 04/08/1993. Yaguye mu iraswa ry’indege ye Falcon 50, ku wa 06/04/1994.
Kanyarengwe Alexis
Col. Kanyarengwe Alexis yavukiye mu Ruhengeri mu 1938. Ni nomero ya 2 muri « Les Onze Camarades du 5 juillet » bahiritse Perezida Kayibanda ku wa 05/07/1973. Bari bumvikanye ko uko ari 11 bazasimburana ku butegetsi, buri wese agategeka mandat y’imyaka 5, kuzageza mu 2028, kuko bose bari guhetura mu myaka 55. Bivuze ko Col. Kanyarengwe yagombaga ya kuba Perezida wa Repubulika mu 1978. Iyo bikomeza bityo, uyu munsi, mu 2023, u Rwanda rwari kuba ruyobowe na Maj. Simba Aloys.
Uku siko byagenze kuko, mu 1978, Perezida Habyarimana yashyizeho Itegeko Nshinga, ritorwa muri Referendum, ryemezaga ko agomba kwiyamamaza wenyine, bituma Kanyarengwe arakara, ndetse mu 1980 arahunga, anyuze muri Tanzania, ubwo yayoboraga Ibiro by’Ipirereza, ashinjwa gushaka guhirika nomero ya mbere. Mu kwezi kwa Nzeri 1990, Kanyarengwe yinjiye muri FPR, binyuze kuri Madamu Inyumba Aloysia, nyuma y’imyaka 3 ashishikarizwa kuyijyamo ariko ntabyumve.
Akigera muri FPR, Kanyarengwe yahise agirwa Visi Perezida yungiriza uwayishinze ari we Maj. Gen. Fred Rwigema. Uyu amaze gupfa, urupfu rwe rugakurikirwa n’imfu z’abari bamwungirije mu kuyobora urugamba, barimo Maj. Peter Bayingana, Maj. Chris Bunyenyezi na Col. Adam Waswa, Col. Kanyarengwe yahise agirirwa icyizere cyo kuba Perezida wa FPR-Inkotanyi.
Nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, Col. Kanyarengwe yakoze akazi akazi gatandukanye karimo kuba Minisitiri w’Ubutegetsi bw’Igihugu (MININTER) na Visi- Minisitiri w’Intebe, umwanya yavanyweho ku wa 28/03/1997, nyuma yo kwinubira ko abasirikare barasaga abaturage mu ruhengeri. Ignace Karuhije nawe wabyinubiraga yirukanwe ku mwanya wa Perefe wa Ruhengeri uwo munsi.
Col. Alexis Kanyarengwe yakomeje kuba Chairman wa FPR kugeza ku wa 15/02/1998, asimbuwe na Paul Kagame. Yitabye Imana ku wa Mbere, tariki ya 13/11/2006, azize uburwayi, ariko akiri muri FPR.
Ambasaderi Kanyarushoki Claver
Kanyarushoki Claver, wari Ambasaderi w’u Rwanda muri Uganda, kuva mu 1985 kugeza mu 1994, yayoboye intumwa za Guverinoma y’u Rwanda ku ruhembe ruhuza igisirikare na politiki, muri CPMM, igihe cyose akagaragara aganira n’uwabaga ayoboye intumwa za FPR, Tito Rutaremara.
Nyuma ya Jenoside, Kanyarushoki yahamagawe na FPR ngo abe Minisitiri w’Ubuhinzi n’Ubworozi, aranga ahubwo ahitamo kujya muri RDR (Rassemblement Républicain pour la Démocratie au Rwanda), yashinzwe, mu 1998, igamije kwisubiza u Rwanda, bavugaga ko rwanyazwe na FPR, akomereza mu yindi mitwe nka FDU-Inkingi. Iyi RDR ijya yitirinywa n’indi RDR (Rassemblement pour le Retour de la Démocratie et des Refugiés au Rwanda), yashingiwe i Mugunga, mu 1995, yari igizwe ahanini n’abahoze muri Guverinoma y’Abatabazi batahawe imyanya muri Guverinoma yakoreraga mu Buhungiro, yari igizwe n’abaminisitiri barindwi. Iyi RDR ya mbere yayoborwaga na François Nzabahimana yungirijwe na Aloys Ngendahimana n’Umunyamabanga Mukuru Innocent Butare, igakorera muri Kenya, Zaïre na Tanzania.
Ntaho rero ihuriye na RDR ya kabiri yo muri 1998, kuko yo yashingiwe i Paris, mu Bufaransa, iyoborwa na Perezida wayo Charles Ndererehe, naho Claver Kanyarushoki amubera Visi-Perezida. Iyi RDR ya kabiri yaje kwihuza na FRD (Forces de Résistance pour la Démocratie) ya Faustin Twagiramungu, maze Faustin Twagiramungu ayobora ihuriro, yungirizwa na Charles Ndererehe, Kanyarushoki aribera Umunyamabanga Mukuru.
Abasesenguzi benshi n’abakora ubushakashatsi kuri jenoside bakunda guhuza RDR na Ingabire Victoire Umuhoza, ariko harimo ukwibeshya gukomeye. Yaba Ingabire Victoire, yaba na Claver Kanyarushoki nta n’umwe wigeze aba muri RDR ya mbere (Rassemblement pour le Retour de la Démocratie et des Refugiés au Rwanda), y’i Mugunga mu 1995, ya Nzabahimana na Ngendahimana, kuko yo yaje kuvamo imitwe myinshi yagejeje kuri FDLR y’uyu munsi, ahubwo Ingabire na Kanyarushoki bahuriye muri RDR ya kabiri (Rassemblement Républicain pour la Démocratie au Rwanda), yashingiwe mu Bufaransa mu 1998, ndetse muri Congrès yabereye i Bonn, muri Kanama 2000, Ingabire victoire atorerwa kuyibera Perezida. Abahisemo kuguma kuri RDR ya mbere bahisemo kwifatanya na FDLR barimo Ignace Murwanashyaka, wari uyihagarariye mu Budage.
Iyi RDR ya kabiri, mu 2006, yaje kwihuza na FRD, ADR-Isangano bikora (Alliance Démocratique Rwandaise) n’abandi batagira amashyaka bikora FDU Inkingi (Forces Démocratiques Unifiées), ikomeza kuyoborwa na Ingabire Victoire, ndetse mu 2008, bemeza ko aziyamamaza mu matora ya 2010, nyuma gufungurwa ku mbabazi za Perezida wa Repubulika, ku wa 14/09/2018, yategereje umwaka umwe, maze mu kwezi kwa 11/2019, yitandukanya na FDU-Inkingi, ahita ashinga irindi shyaka DALFA-Umurinzi, ariko Claver Kanyarushoki aguma muri FDU-Inkingi, kugeza n’uyu munsi.
Kanyarushoki yagaragaye kenshi mu manza z’Arusha, aho yari yarahawe code ya « DAR », ashinja abahoze mu butegetsi bwa mbere ya Jenoside. Twavuga nko mu rubanza rwiswe « Itsinda rya Cyangugu » rwo ku wa 21/03/2002, ubwo (Pierre) Claver Kanyarushoki yagombaga gutanga ubuhamya bushinja arindiwe umutekanukano, ariko Ntagerura André, wahoze ari Minisitiri wo Gutwara abantu n’Itumanaho, ariko abunganira uregwa barabyanga, binyujijwe mu ijwi rya Me Rety Hamuli, ukomoka muri RDC. Kanyarushoki ubwe yanze iriya code ya « DAR », atanga ubuhamya mu mazina ye, imbere y’abacamanza George Williams (juge-président), Yakov Ostrovsky w’umurusiya na Pavel Dolenc wo muri Slovénie.
Claver Kanyarushoki, unyuzamo akitwa Jean Pierre Claver Kanyarushoki kandi yagaragaye mu rubanza rwa TPIR ashinja Théoneste Bagosora, Gratien Kabiligi, Aloys Ntabakuze na Anatole Nsengiyumva, imbere y’abacamanza Erik Møse (juge-président), Jai Ram Reddy na Sergei A. Egorov.
Uyu munsi Claver Kanyarushoki avuga ko ari impunzi ya politiki. Nguko uko uwahoze ari intumwa ikomeye ya Leta y’u Rwanda mu Masezerano y’Arusha aho yaganiraga na Tito Rutaremara, yanze ko bahurira mu Leta nshya, ahubwo ahitamo kuyirwanya kugeza ku ndunduro y’Ubuzima bwe, nyamara nta kindi yashinjwaga.
Rutaremara Tito
Tito Rutaremara yavukiye i Gatsibo mu cyahoze ari Kibungo mu 1944. Amashuri abanza n’ayisumbuye yayigiye mu Rwanda, ariko Kaminuza ayiga muri Uganda. Afite impamyabumenyi y’ikirenga mu bumenyi bw’isi, ndetse n’impamyabumenyi ihanitse mu bijyanye no gutegura imijyi no gutunganya ibyaro (doctorate in urban and rural planning) yakuye muri Kaminuza ya Paris, mu Bufaransa.
Rutaremara ni umwe mu bashinze RANU (Rwandese Association of National Unity), yaje guhinduka FPR mu 1987, ahita aba Umunyamabanga Mukuru kugeza mu 1993, asimbuwe na Théogène Rudasingwa. Kuva mu 1994 kugeza mu 2000 yari mu bagize Inteko ishinga Amategeko y’inzibacyuho. Kuva mu 2000 kugeza mu 2003 yayoboye Komisiyo yari ishinzwe gutegura Itegeko Nshinga. Kuva mu 2003 kugeza mu 2011, yabaye Umuvunyi Mukuru, ahava ajya kuba Umusenateri kugeza mu 2018. Kuva mu 2019 ayoboye Inama Ngishwanama y’Abakuze ( Elderly Advisory Forum), akanagira inama Perezida ku ngingo zikomeye zifite ingaruka ku gihugu (Most crucial issues impacting the country).
Ngulinzira Boniface
Ngulinzira Boniface yavukiye i Butaro muri Ruhengeri, ku wa 12/07/1950. Amashuri abanza n’ayisumbuye yayigiye mu Rwanda, maze mu 1974 abona impamyabushobozi ihanitse muri Folozofiya y’Abaromani (Bachelor in Roman Catholic Philosophy) yakuye muri Kaminuza ya Louvain mu Bubiligi, mu 1977 abona indi mpamyabushozi ihanitse mu iyigandimi nyafurika (Bachelor in African Linguistics). Kuva mu 1974 kugeza mu 1985 Ngulinzira yari umwe mu bagize akanama gashinzwe ururimi rw’Igifaransa mu Biro by’Uburezi, mu 1977 yongererwaho Ikinyarwanda mu nshingano. Kuva muri Mata 1992 kugeza mu 1993 yabaye Minisitiri w’Ububanyi n’Amahanga n’Ubutwererane, bituma abasha kuba y’u Rwanda mu Masezerano y’Arusha, aho yagaragaraga aganira n’intumwa ya FPR, Pasteur Bizimungu.
Ngulinzira ni umwe mu banyapolitiki bitandukanyije na MRND hakiri kare cyane, mu mwaka w’1991, aba mu ba mbere bashinze MDR. Mu 1993 yakuwe huti huti ku mwanya wa Minisitiri asimbuzwa Dr. Anastase Gasana, ashinjwa kugurisha u Rwanda kuko yemerega ibyo FPR isabye byose. Akimara kuva mu Masezerano y’Arusha yahise ajya kwigisha iyigandimi muri Kaminuza Nkuru y’u Rwanda.
Bivugwa ko Habyarimana yari yaramwibeshyeho kuko yashoboraga kuba ari umututsi, ariko yaba we cyangwa abandi nta wigeze atangaza ubwoko bwe nyir’izina. Mu 1993 yandikiye uwari Minisitiri w’Ubutegetsi amusaba kwemeza ko ari umuhutu, ariko ntiyabona igisubizo, maze mu rwenya rwinshi abwira Ambasaderi w’Amerika mu Rwanda ko ari we munyarwanda wenyine utagira ubwoko. Mu mvugo ye yahoraga asubiramo ngo “Ce n’est pas l’ethnie qui fait l’âme ni la valeur d’un home”.
Umugore we, Florida Mukeshimana yashimangiye ko kutagira ubwoko kwa Ngulinzira byahaye uburere bwiza abana bane babyaranye. Yaje kwicirwa ku musozi wa Nyanza, ku Kicukiro ku mugoroba wa Tariki 11/04/1994, yicwa n’Interahamwe, nyuma y’uko ku wa 07/04/1994 yari yahungiye muri ETO Kicukiro, hamwe n’abandi batutsi. Ubanza noneho yari yamenye ubwoko abarizwamo !
Mbere y’uko yicwa Ngulinzira yari yasabye Abafaransa bari muri Opération Amaryllis kumuvana muri ETO Kicukiro ariko baranga. Umubiri we ushyinguye ku rwibutso rwa jenoside rwa Nyanza ku Kicukiro.
Mukeshimana Florida wari warashakanye na Ngulinzira bakabyarana abana bane: Isaro (1976), Uwukuri (1976), Isabo (1978) na Ujeneza Marie Yolande Ngulinzira (1981), babanje kuba mu Bubiligi ariko uyu munsi baba muri Luxembourg. Mukeshimana yanditse igitabo, mu 2001, akita « Un autre Rwanda possible-Combat Posthume », muri 2017 Kaminuza yigenga ya Buruseli imuha impamyabushobozi y’ikirenga nyuma yo kwandika « Esquisse phonologique et morphonologique du tetela ».
Mu buhamya bw’umukobwa Ngulinzira, Ujeneza, yise « Le Onze Avril 1994, l’indifférence les a tués », abinyujije ku rubuga rwe, Zahaboo.com, avuga ko ku wa 07/04/1994 aribwo Ababiligi bari muri MINUAR baje iwabo basaba Boniface Ngulinzira kumuhungisha we n’umuryango we kuko bari bafite amakuru ko abasirikare barindaga Perezida Habyarimana bari bagiye kuza kubica.
Ujeneza akomeza avuga ko Ngulinzira n’umugore we Mukeshimana n’abana babo bane ndetse n’abandi babiri bareraga baherekejwe na MINUAR bajyanwa muri ETO Kicukiro ahari hahungiye abandi Batutsi benshi. Bakihagera abanyamahanga bari bahari batangiye guhungishwa, Ngulinzira yinginga MINUAR ngo ibahungishe biba iby’ubusa. Ujeneza avuga ko Capitaine Luc Lemaire wari uyoboye ingabo za MINUAR zari muri ETO bamusabye kubahungisha arabyanga. Ngulinzira yabwiye uyu musirikare ati : « Niba mudasha kumpungisha munsubize iwanjye abe ariho mfira », nabyo arabyaga.
Ku itariki ya 11/04/1994, abasirikare b’Abafaransa baje gutwara ingabo za MINUAR zari muri ETO, na none Ngulinzira asaba ko bamuhungisa na none Capitaine Lemaire arabyanga, avuga ko nibatwara Ngulinzira baza guhura n’ibibazo. Ingabo za Loni zikimara gusohoka Interahamwe zahise zinjira, Ngulinzira agerageza guhunga ariko atararenga umutaru ahita agwa mu gico cy’Interahamwe, maze we n’umuryango we zibambura amafaranga n’imikufi, mukanya gato haza aba GP batandatu basaba Ngulinzira kuvuga amazina ye, abanza kubyanga, ageze aho arayababwira, bamusaba kubakurikira, bamwicira i Nyanza ya Kicukiro, ariko umuryango we wabimenye mu 2000 binyuze ku mutangabuhamya wavuze ko abicanyi babanje gusiganira kumwica, ariko birangira kuri uwo mugoroba bamwishe. Ku bw’amahirwe umuryango wa Ngulinzira wararokotse.
Ijisho ry’Abaryankuna