Yanditswe na Ahirwe Karoli
Gutekinika imibare ni umuco mubi waranze ubutegetsi bw’igitugu bwa FPR-Inkotanyi kuva yafata ubutegetsi muri Nyakanga 1994, ku buryo uyu muco mubi wageze aho ufatwa nk’ibisanzwe nyamara nta gihe rubanda rwahemye gusakuza ko rwimwa serivisi rwakaboneye ubuntu hagamijwe kurucucura ibyo rwagokeye bikigira mu mifuka y’ibikomerezwa biba bikingiwe ikibaba.
Imiryango mpuzamahanga ntiyahwemye kwamagana uyu muco mubi umunga igihugu, ariko agatsiko kari ku butegetsi kavuniye ibiti mu matwi kugeza na magingo aya ruswa iracyavuza ubuhuha mu nzego zose, ariko byagera mu rwego rw’ubutabera bikaba ibindi bindi kuko Polisi y’igihugu, ubugenzacyaha, ubushinjancyaha n’inkiko bitajya bibura mu myanya ya mbere y’ibyegeranyo bikorwa buri mwaka. Ibi biza byiyongera kuri raporo z’Umugenzuzi w’Imari ya Leta zidahwema kugaragaza umutungo wa rubanda uba wanyerejwe cyangwa bikavugwa ko waburiwe irengero, nyamara wabireba neza ugasanga irengero ry’uwo mutungo rizwi, ari amakonti y’ibikomerezwa biri mu gatsiko kayoboje igihugu inkoni y’icyuma. Igikomeje gutungurana ni uko Leta y’igitugu ikomeje gutekinika imibare igamije kujijisha amahanga kugira ngo yikomereze kuyoragura ibifaranga bitangwa nk’inkunga ndetse n’inguzanyo zitagira ingano.
Dufashe urugero rwa vuba rw’itekinika, ubushakashatsi kuri ruswa mu Rwanda (Rwanda Bribery Index-RBI) bwa 2024 bukorwa n’Umuryango urwanya Ruswa n’Akarengane (Transparency International-Rwanda), bwamuritswe ku wa 11 Ukuboza 2024, bwagaragaje ko hari inzego zagaragayemo izamuka ry’ikigero cya ruswa igaragaramo zirimo REG (Rwanda Enegy Group) aho ruswa yavuye kuri 5.8% mu 2023 ikagera kuri 7.8% mu 2024, muri WASAC (Water and Sanitation Corporation) yavuye kuri 5.2% mu 2023 igera kuri 7.2% mu 2024 no mu bacamanza ruswa yavuye kuri 5.02% mu 2023 igera kuri 6% muri uyu mwaka. Ibigo nka Polisi y’igihugu, ubugenzacyaha (RIB), ubushinjacyaha (parquet) ndetse n’Ikigo Ngenzuramikorere cy’imirimo ifitiye igihugu akamaro (RURA) nabyo byagaragaye mu myanya ya mbere mu kwakira ruswa. Ubu bushakashatsi kandi bugaragazaga mu baturage bakoreweho ubushakashatsi abavuze ko basabwe cyangwa basabye gutanga ruswa ari 18.5%, bagasobanura ko impamvu zituma abantu batanga ruswa zirimo gushaka kwihutisha ibintu, kwanga kwiteranya n’ubuyobozi, kubona serivisi batari bemerewe no kudashaka kwishyura igiciro cyose cya serivisi. Hari n’abatanga ruswa bigura cyangwa bishyura imyanya baba baragabiwe.
TI-Rwanda yatangaje kandi ko abacamanza ari bo bakiriye amafaranga menshi, aho mu bakoreweho ubushakashatsi (2500) abavuze ko bahaye ruswa abacamanza batanze agera kuri 1,900,000 FRW, arimo 600,000 FRW yishyuwe mu rwego rwo kwihutisha imanza, 500,000 FRW yishyuwe ngo batsinde imanza n’agera ku 800,000 FRW ajyanye no kurangiza imanza. Ivuga kandi ko muri rusange amafaranga ya ruswa yatanzwe mu 2024 agera kuri 17,041,203 FRW, aho 56% yayo ari ayahawe inzego z’ibanze, mu bijyanye no kubona ibyangombwa byo kubaka. N’ubwo rero iyi mibare ari imitekinikano, inateye kwibaza byinshi uhereye ko habajijwe abantu 2500 baherereye mu Turere 11 muri 30 tugize igihugu gusa, hakiyongeraho ko abasubiza benshi babaye ibikange, ibisubizo batanga mu bushakashatsi bijyana n’icyo ubukora aba ashaka kumva.
Ubu bushakashatsi kandi bwagaragaje ko 92% y’abantu bakwa ruswa batajya batanga amakuru kuri yo, aho abenshi muri bo bavuga ko biterwa no gutinya ko byabagiraho ingaruka zirimo kuba bakurikiranwa (24.7%), abavuga ngo “ntibinturukeho” (19.2%), abavuga ko n’iyo babivuga nta cyakorwa (17.2%), abavuga ko batari bazi aho batanga amakuru (16%), abatinye kugirirwa nabi (11.5%) ndetse na 7.3% bavuze ko abo bari kuregera ari bo bashobora kuba barya ruswa. Iyi mibare rero nayo ubwayo iteye kwibazwaho kuko impagararizi (échantillon) yafashwe idahagije kandi no muri yo 8% gusa akaba ari bo batinyuka kuvuga ruswa.
N’ubwo Leta y’u Rwanda idahakana ko ruswa iri ku rwego ruhambaye, gutekinika imibare ntibibura, hagamijwe kwakira inkunga z’amahanga cyangwa inguzanyo. Dufashe urugero rwa vuba, kuri uyu wa 25 Ukuboza 2024, hasakaye inkuru y’uko Banki y’Isi yahaye u Rwanda miliyoni 255$ (arenga miliyari 355 FRW), bikavugwa ko azifashishwa mu mushinga itekinika ryise Green Finance, Investment and Trade Project (GreenFIT), rivuga ko ugamije guteza imbere ibikorwa by’ishoramari ry’abikorera ariko rirengera ibidukikije, mu rugendo rwo kubaka iterambere ritangiza ibidukikije. Iri tekinika kandi rivuga ko aya mafaranga azagira uruhare mu gutuma u Rwanda rugera ku ntego rwihaye yo kugabanya imyuka yangiza ikirere y’uko, mu 2030, ruzaba rwagabanyije 38% byayo, harimo gukomeza kwitegura kugira ngo u Rwanda rushake uburyo bwo kubyaza umusaruro ibijyanye n’ishoramari rigamije kugabanya imyuka yangiza ikirere (carbon market).
Aha rero niho inzobere mu bijyanye n’ubukungu butangiza ibidukikije zihera zivuga ko iri tekinika riteye ubwoba, kuko mu bisanzwe bizwi ari uko ibihugu biteye imbere ku Isi ari byo bifite inganda zigira uruhare mu guhumanya ikirere, mu gihe u Rwanda ruri mu bihugu bikennye, nta nganda rufite zahumanya ikirere, ariko rurarenga rukabeshya ko aya mafaranga azarufasha kugera aho rwifuza kuba mu bihugu bifite ubukungu buciriritse nibura kugera mu 2035, rukazabigeraho rufasha ibigo by’ubucuruzi n’imishinga y’abagore. Nyamara se kuki u Rwanda rutagaragaza icyo amamiliyari yashyizwe muri kigega BDF (Business Development Fund), byavugwaga ko azafasha imishinga y’urubyiruko n’abagore yakoze? Ubu aya mamiliyari nayo ntiyamaze guterwa imirwi n’ibigo bya FPR bishamikiye kuri Crystal Ventures bikazitirirwa imishinga y’abagore? Ni nde muri rusange ugena mwene izi nkunga ku gihugu nk’u Rwanda cyiyemerera ko cyamunzwe na ruswa, igihugu cyazobereye mu guhungabanya uburenganzira bwa muntu no kwishora mu ntambara zitari ngombwa?
Kuri iri tekinika ni naho kandi abahanga mu by’ubukungu bemeza ko ntacyo izi nkunga zimarira abanyagihugu uretse gutera ikinyuranyo kinini hagati y’abakire n’abakene, aho agatsiko gato kari ku butegetsi gakomeza kwigwizaho ibyagatunze rubanda rusigaye maze rwo rugakomeza kurwana n’amarenzamunsi, rugahora rubara ubukeye nyamara ubutegetsi bw’igisuti bukirirwa bwishongora ku baturage ngo bari ku isonga kandi mu by’ukuri bari ku musonga. Nta n’uburyo umuturage ataba ku musonga kuko igihe cyose azaba yarenze imbibi zo guhangana n’ibimutunga umunsi ku munsi azahumuka akabona amabi akorerwa n’ubutegetsi, akabwo kakaba gashobotse. Iki rero ni ikintu FPR n’abambari bayo bahungira kure cyane kuko bazi ko umuturage wabonye ibimutunga bya buri munsi asigara atekereza ku iterambere rye kandi FPR ikaba itarikozwa kuko irifata nk’inkota yo kwirangiza, kuko itamara kabiri abaturage babonye uruvugiro rw’amabi ibakorera.
Nta kabuza rero birakwiye ko gutekinika imibare byarangirana n’uyu mwaka wa 2024 kuko ntacyo rimarira abaturage, ahubwo ribashora habi cyane hatagira hasi haho, ikintu FPR yashyize mu mugambi uhishe (agenda caché), kuko izi neza ko umuturage wajijutse, akiteza imbere, atakongera kurebera amabi imukorera, gusa igikorwa ni ikigamije ko umuturage ahora ategeye amaboko ubutegetsi bw’igisuti, kugira ngo arebe ko yarenza umunsi. Iri tekinika rero nta kundi ryahagarara uretse kuba Abanyarwanda bakwitabira Impinduramatwara Gacanzigo, kuko ari yo yonyine yatuma abanyagihugu basasa inzobe bakicara mu gacaca, bakaganira ku bibazo byashegeshe u Rwanda, uwagomye akagororwa, yagororoka agafatanya n’abandi kubaka igihugu kizira imiryane na munyangire, igihugu kizira amacakubiri no kubakira ku moko, igihugu kizira ihohoterwa n’akarengane, igihugu kizira intambara umunyarwanda arwana n’undi, ahubwo cyimakaza ubutabera, uburenganzira bwa muntu, ukiwshyira ukizana, amahoro n’umutekano usesuye.
Ahirwe Karoli