Yanditswe na REMEZO Rodriguez
Itegeko Nshinga rya Repubulika y’u Rwanda ryo mu 2003 ryavuguruwe mu 2015, ingingo yaryo ya 37 igena “Ubwisanzure mu mitekerereze no mu myemerere” iteganya ko “Ubwisanzure mu bitekerezo, mu mutimanama, mu guhitamo idini, mu gusenga no kubigaragaza mu ruhame burengerwa na Leta mu buryo buteganywa n’amategeko”.
N’ubwo ariko byanditse bityo ubutegetsi bw’igitugu buri i Kigali, bubinyujije mu Rwego rw’Igihugu rw’Imiyoborere (RGB), bwatunguye benshi ubwo, kuri uyu wa 07 Werurwe 2025, bwasohoraga Amabwiriza anyuranye n’Itegeko Nshinga, cyane cyane mu ngingo ya 37 yavuzwe haruguru, akaba ari Amabwiriza bigaragara ko agamije gushyira ku iherezo amadini n’amatorero asanzwe akorera mu Rwanda, haba mu buryo bwemewe bya burundu cyangwa mu buryo bw’agatenganyo, kuko agamije kuyanyunyuza no kuyacucura agasigara amara masa, kugeza asenyutse burundu.
Amananiza karahabutaka ku madini n’amatorero
Muri ibi “bindi bisabwa”, Leta y’u Rwanda yategetse ko amadini n’amatorero yose asanzwe afite uburenganzira bwo gukorera mu Rwanda agomba “kwiyandikisha bundi bushya” mu Turere, agasaba ubuzima gatozi muri RGB, amaze kwerekana inyandiko z’inyongera umunani (8) zuzuyemo amananiza ateye ubwoba zirimo: (a) icyemezo gitangwa n’Akarere cyangwa Umujyi wa Kigali kigaragaza ko inyubako yagenewe ibikorwa byo gusenga yujuje ibiteganywa n’amategeko agenga imyubakire y’aho hantu; (b) inyandiko yemeza gukoresha inyubako ku buryo bwihariye mu bikorwa byo gusenga; (c) inyandiko yemeza gukorera gusa imihango yose, amasengesho n’imikorere y’imyemerere mu nyubako y’umuryango yagenewe gusengerwamo; (d) inyandiko n’ibyangombwa bisabwa n’amategeko by’uhagarariye umuryango imbere y’amategeko n’umwungirije; (e) inyemezabwishyu ya 2 000 000 FRW ya serivisi adasubizwa yo gusaba ubuzimagatozi, yishyurwa mu isanduku ya Leta; (f) icyemezo cy’uhagarariye umuryango imbere y’amategeko n’icy’umwungirije, biriho umukono wa noteri byemeza ko nta wundi muryango wanditse mu Rwanda bahagarariye; (g) icyemezo cy’imihwanire y’impamyabumenyi cyangwa y’impamyabushobozi mu by’iyobokamana gitangwa n’urwego rubifitiye ububasha cy’uhagarariye umuryango imbere y’amategeko n’icy’umwungirije bize mu mashuri makuru cyangwa kaminuza byo mu mahanga; (h) icyemezo cy’amasomo y’iyobokamana ashimangira impamyabumenyi cy’uhagarariye umuryango imbere y’amategeko n’icy’umwungirije bafite impamyabumenyi zitari izo mu bijyanye n’iyobokamana bize nibura amasaha 1 200 mu masomo y’iyobokamana mu ishuri ryemewe n’urwego rubifitiye ububasha.
Ibi ni ikibazo gikomeye kuko ubushashakatsi bwakozwe na RGB mu mwaka wa 2024 bwasanze, dufashe urugero rumwe, 75% by’abapasitoro bayoboye amatorero ya ADEPR (Association des Eglises de Pentecôte au Rwanda) bize amashuri abanza gusa cyangwa batayarangije, naho gusaba 2 000 000 FRW adasubizwa ari uburyo bwo gusahura imiryango ishingiye ku myemerere, kuko uzajya usaba hagasangwa hari ibyo atujuje azajya ajya kubyuzuza, yagaruka agatanga andi, kuko nyine yiswe aya serivisi, akazajya atangwa uko iyo serivisi isabwe, bikaba nta kabuza bizagamburuza benshi.
Mu bindi Leta y’u Rwanda yategetse harimo kuba amadini n’amatorero agomba kuba afite gahunda y’iteganyabikorwa (plan d’action) igendanye n’iterambere ry’imibereho myiza y’abaturage bari mu Karere. Yategetse kandi ko amaturo, icya cumi, n’izindi nkunga bigomba kunyuzwa muri banki no mu bigo by’imari, amaturo mu nsengero no mu biterane akazajya amenyeshwa Akarere na RGB ndetse urwego rubifitiye ububasha rukazajya rukora ubugenzuzi bw’imari n’isuzuma ry’ibikorwa, rwabimenyesheje cyangwa rutabimenyesheje umuryango ugenzurwa. Aya mabwiriza kandi ategeka ko kwandikisha bundi bushya umuryango ushingiye ku myemerere bizajya bisaba imikono y’abantu 1000 bafite indangamuntu na telefoni ziri ku mirongo. Ibi rero ni amananiza ateye ubwoba kuko no kwiyamamariza kuba Perezida wa Repubulika bisaba imikono 600 gusa, nyamara hakaba haragiye hagaragara ababuzwa kwiyamamaza, bamwe bikaviramo gufungwa bashinjwa gusinyisha abantu batabaho, bityo imikono ikaba ari ikintu gikomeye cyo kwigizayo abo ubutegetsi bwa FPR-Inkotanyi budashaka. Nta kabuza rero ko iyi mikono y’abantu 1000 izasiga imiryango myinshi ishingiye ku myemerere itemerewe kwandikwa bundi bushya, hatitawe ku kamaro yari ifitiye abaturage.
Ibihano bitagamije gukosora
Aya mabwiriza kandi ateganya ibihano bikakaye nk’aho ingingo ya 18 iteganya ko “Umuryango wagabye ishami utabiherewe uburenganzira n’Akarere cyangwa Umujyi wa Kigali, uba ukoze ikosa kandi uhanishwa igihano cyo guhagarika iryo shami hamwe n’ihazabu yo mu rwego rw’ubutegetsi ya 5 000 000 FRW”, naho iya 19 ikavuga ko “Umuryango utishyuye ihazabu mu gihe cyagenwe uba ukoze ikosa kandi uhanishwa guhagarikwa by’agateganyo kugeza igihe wishyuriye ihazabu waciwe hiyongereyeho igihano cy’ubukererwe kingana na 10% buri kwezi k’ubukererwe”, mu gihe iya 20 iteganya ko “Umunyamuryango uhagararira umuryango urenze umwe imbere y’amategeko aba akoze ikosa kandi ahanishwa kwamburwa uburenganzira bwo guhagararira iyo miryango”.
Ibi bihano rero bigamije kunyunyuza imiryango ishingiye ku myemerere, bikaba bibangamiye bikomeye ubwisanzure buteganywa n’ingingo ya 37 y’Itegeko Nshinga, ndetse bikaza byiyongera ku misoro karabuhataka yashyizwe kuri iyi miryango, irimo imyinshi itanashingaga, kuko imyinshi yambuwe imitungo yayo, indi ikaba yarashegeshwe no gusenyerwa ndetse no gufungirwa ibikorwa bya hato na hato, bishingiye ku mananiza no gusabwa ibitagira ingano.
Kuvuguruzanya kw’amategeko: inenge zikomeye
Kuri uyu wa Gatanu, tariki ya 07 Werurwe 2025, hatangajwe “Amabwiriza y’Umukuru w’Urwego rw’Igihugu rw’Imiyoborere nº 01/2025 yo ku wa 06/03/2025 yerekeye ibindi bisabwa imiryango ishingiye ku myemerere” yaje avanaho, nk’uko bivugwa mu ngingo ya 24 yayo, “Amabwiriza nº 001/2019 yo ku wa 08/03/2019 agenga imiryango ishingiye ku myemerere mu Rwanda”. Ubwabyo mu buryo bw’imyandikire y’amategeko iyi ni inenge kuko hashyizweho “Amabwiriza yerekeye ibindi bisabwa imiryango ishingiye ku myemerere” avanaho “Amabwiriza agenga imiryango ishingiye ku myemerere mu Rwanda”. Ibi bisobanuye ko mu Mabwiriza mashya bavugamo “ibindi bisabwa” mu gihe ibibibanziriza byakuweho, bijyana n’Amabwiriza yo mu 2019, kuko basanze byo bitaranyunyuzaga cyane iyi miryango.
Indi nenge ikomeye yagaragaye muri aya Mabwiriza ni uko irangashingiro ryayo ryashingiye ku “Itegeko nº 72/2018 ryo ku wa 31/08/2018 rigena imitunganyirize n’imikorere by’imiryango ishingiye ku myemerere” ndetse no ku “Itegeko nº 001/2025 ryo ku wa 22/01/2025 ryerekeye gukumira no guhana iyezandonke, gutera inkunga iterabwoba no gutera inkunga ikwirakwiza ry’intwaro za kirimbuzi”. Uretse ko n’aya Mabwiriza ahonyora Itegeko Nshinga, ingingo ya 37, kandi bitabaho, ariko ntibyumvikana ukuntu yahujwe n’Itegeko ryerekeye gukumira no guhana iyezandonke, gutera inkunga iterabwoba no gutera inkunga ikwirakwiza ry’intwaro za kirimbuzi. Ibi rero bikaba ari igikangisho cyangwa inkoni y’icyuma izajya ikubitishwa abafite mwene iyi miryango ishingiye ku myemerere, kuko uzajya agerageza kuvuga akarengane bakorerwa azajya ashinjwa iyezandonke, gutera inkunga iterabwoba cyangwa gutera inkunga ikwirakwiza ry’intwaro za kirimbuzi, ukibaza rero aho ibi bihuriye n’amadini n’amatorero ukahabura, ko ahubwo ari iterabwoba gusa.
Ingingo ya 25 igena “Igihe cyo guhuza n’aya Mabwiriza” iteganya ko “Umuryango usanzwe ukora, uhuza ibikorwa byawo n’ibiteganywa n’aya mabwiriza mu gihe kitarenze amezi 12 uhereye ku munsi aya mabwiriza atangarijweho mu Igazeti ya Leta ya Repubulika y’u Rwanda” naho iya 26 ikavuga ko “Aya mabwiriza atangira gukurikizwa ku munsi atangarijweho mu Igazeti ya Leta ya Republika y’u Rwanda”. Ibi nabyo byateje urujijo kuko aya Mabwiriza nº 01/2025 yo ku wa 06/03/2025 yatangajwe mu Igazeti ya Leta n° Idasanzwe yo ku wa 07/03/2025, umwaka wa 64. Ibi rero ntibisobanutse na gato uburyo Amabwiriza yo ku 06/03/2025 yasohotse mu Igazeti ya Leta yo ku wa 07/03/2025, nyuma y’umunsi umwe gusa, hadategerejwe kumva icyo Komisiyo ishinzwe kuvugurura amategeko (Law Reform Commission) iyavugaho, mu gihe ku yandi Mategeko n’Amabwiriza iyi Komisiyo ihabwa igihe cy’ukwezi, kugira ngo ibe yatanze imyazuro, ibi bikaba byarirengagijwe ahubwo hatangazwa Igazeti ya Leta n° Idasanzwe, ukibaza ikihutishaga Leta ukakibura. Ibi rero bikaba byafashwe nko kuziba icyuho cy’ibihano bikomeje kugenda bifatirwa u Rwanda, kubera uruhare rufite mu gufasha umutwe wa M23 mu ntambara irimo guca ibintu mu Burasirazuba bwa RDC, aho inkunga nyinshi zikomeza kugenda zihagarikwa, mu gihe igice kinini cy’Ingengo y’Imari gishingira ku nkunga z’amahanga cyangwa inguzanyo.
Ubusumbane bw’amategeko bwirengagijwe nkana
Mu busanzwe, muri buri gihugu amategeko akurikirana (Hierarchy of Laws) mu buryo bukurikira: (1) Itegeko Nshinga (Constitution), ari naryo risumba ayandi yose akanarishingiraho; (2) Itegeko Ngenga (Organic Law); (3) Amasezerano Mpuzamahanga yasinywe kandi akemezwa na Repubulika y’u Rwanda (International Protocols and Conventions signed and ratified by the Republic of Rwanda); (4) Itegeko risanzwe (Ordinary Law); (5) Iteka rya Perezida (Presidential Order); (6) Iteka rya Minisitiri w’Intebe (Order of the Prime Minister); (7) Iteka rya Minisitiri (Ministerial Order); (8) Amabwiriza ya Minisitiri (Instructions of the Minister); (9) Amabwiriza y’Umuyobozi Mukuru (Instructions of the Chief Executive Officer-CEO); (10) Ibyemezo by’Inama Njyanama y’Umujyi wa Kigali (Resolutions of the Kigali City Council); (11) Ibyemezo by’Inama Njyanama y’Akarere (Resolutions of the District Council); (12) Ibyemezo by’Inkiko bitajuririwe (Non-apealed Court judgements), hamwe na (13) Amasezerano hagati y’abantu babiri (Interpersonal Contracts).
Ushingiye rero kuri ruhererekane rw’amategeko ukurikije uko arutana nta kuntu byakumvikana ko Amabwiriza y’Umuyobozi Mukuru ari ku mwanya wa 9 yavuguruza Itegeko Nshinga riruta ayandi yose, ahubwo agomba kurishingiraho. Iri vuguruzanya rero ndetse no gutangaza aya Mabwiriza huti huti nta kindi bihatse uretse gushyira ku iherezo imiryango ishingiye ku myemerere, n’ubundi hari hasigaye mbarwa kuko, mu 2018, hari hafunzwe insengero zigera ku 4 000, biba agahebuzo aho, mu 2024, hafunzwe izirenga 10 000 mu gihugu hose, none mu 2025, amadini n’amatorero arasabwa kwiyandikisha bundi bushya asabwe kwishyura 2 000 000 FRW adasubizwa ndetse n’ibindi bisabwa birimo amananiza menshi nk’amashuri y’abayobozi ndetse no gushaka imikono y’abantu 1 000 na telefoni zabo.
Ingaruka mbi ku baturage
Iyi miryango ishingiye ku madini yagiraga uruhare runini mu isanamitima ndetse ikaba umufatanyabikorwa wa mbere wa Leta mu nzego nyinshi zirimo uburezi, ubuvuzi, ibikorwa remezo, kurwanya igwingira n’imirire mibi, kugabanya inda ziterwa abangavu, kurwanya ibiyobyabwenge, kugabanya imfu z’abana n’iz’abagore bapfa babyara, n’izindi nyinshi usanga ziri mu nkingi z’Ubukungu, Imibereho Myiza y’Abaturage no Kubungabunga Ibidukikije, nk’amashyiga atatu y’Iterambere Rirambye ( 3 pillars of Sustainable Development) ndetse n’intego z’Iterambere Rirambye (SDGs).
Ni byiza ko hakumirwa ihererekanya ry’amafaranga mu ntoki, ariko kubuza abayoboke b’amadini n’amatorero gutura mu ntoki bizabangamira ab’amikoro make baturaga udufaranga duke tugafasha mu mirimo ya buri munsi y’imiryango ishingiye ku myemerere. Indi ntwaro igihe gukubitishwa abari mu madini no mu matorero ni uko Leta igihe kubahoza ku nkeke dore ko muri aya Mabwiriza hateganyijwe ko “Urwego rubishinzwe rushobora gukora isuzuma ryigenga no kugenzura ko ibikorwa bikwiye, rubanje kubimenyesha cyangwa kutabimenyesha umuryango, kugira ngo harebwe niba wubahiriza ikurikirana ry’iyezandonke, gutera inkunga iterabwoba no gutera inkunga ikwirakwiza ry’intwaro za kirimbuzi”. Kuri ibi kandi hiyongeraho ko abayobozi b’iyi miryango bazahora mu cyoba kuko aya Mabwiriza ateganya ko “Umuryango, ku byerekeranye n’amafaranga yakusanyijwe mu biterane cyangwa mu yindi mihango y’imyemerere, ubikorera inyandiko ukanatanga raporo mu gihe hakusanyijwe amafaranga arenga ateganywa n’amabwiriza ku bihano mu by’imari birebana n’iterabwoba, gutera inkunga iterabwoba, n’ikwirakwiza ry’intwaro za kirimbuzi”, azaba agamije kubayoboresha inkoni y’icyuma no kunyunyuza ahashobora kuva agafaranga hose, kakuzuza amakonti ya FPR, naho abaturage bari abagenabikorwa b’iyi miryango bagataha amara masa, hitwajwe ko amafaranga yakomotse ahatemewe.
FPR, WAYOGOJE ABATURAGE UBAGEZA KU BUCE, GIRA WIGENDERE, NTITUZAGUKUMBURA
REMEZO Rodriguez