Yanditswe na Remezo Rodriguez
Mu gihe kitazwi neza, Abanyarwanda babonye ko bagomba gushyira imbaraga hamwe bakarwanya ubunebwe maze batangira kujya bisungana bagakorerana ibikorwa by’ubuhinzi, uwacyuje Ubudehe akaba yenze urwagwa n’ikigage, abaje kumuhingira cyangwa kumukorera indi mirimo, bagakora basangira. Bitandukanye n’Umuganda wahabwaga abatishoboye, Ubudehe bwahuzaga abaturage bafite ingufu, ariko badashaka kuzikoresha cyangwa badafite aho bazikoresha, bagateranira ku muntu umwe, bagahuriza hamwe imbaraga, ushaka kudeha bakamuhwitura, bigatanga umusaruro ufatika. Nyamara umunsi wa none FPR ikoresha iri jambo ishaka gushyira Abanyarwanda mu byiciro, kugira ngo ibone uko ibanyunyuza.
Mu mwaka wa 2000, Guverinoma y’u Rwanda yahisemo icyo yise kwegereza ubuyobozi abaturage (decentralization policy) ivuga ko ari igisubizo cyo kugabanya ubukene (poverty reduction) binyuze mu kuzamura ireme ry’imiyoborere no gushishikariza abaturage kugera ku cyerekezo 2020 (vision 2020). Nyamara byose byasigaye mu nzozi kuko, ibinyujije muri Minisiteri y’Imari (MINECOFIN) ifatanyije na Minisiteri y’Ubutegetsi bw’Igihugu (MINALOC) mu mushinga wiswe “Poverty Reduction Strategy Project- PRSP”, FPR yatangije “Ubudehe” butandukanye cyane n’Ubudehe gakondo, kuko mu gihe Ubudehe mu Rwanda rwo ha mbere bwacyuzwaga n’abaturage ubwabo, ubutegetsi butabyivanzemo, ubu bwo bwari butangijwe na Leta mu nyungu zayo, hatabanje no kurebwa icyo abaturage babutekerezaho.
Urwego rw’Igihugu rw’Imiyoborere (Rwanda Governance Board-RGB) ruvuga ko Ubudehe bwashyizweho ari uburyo bwo kwishakamo ibisubizo (Home-Grown Initiative-HGI) na gahunda y’iterambere. Ruvuga kandi ko bwari uburyo bwo guhuriza hamwe abaturage bakennye kugira ngo bazamure imibereho myiza. Ibi sibyo kuko nta rugero na rumwe rw’iterambere rwigezwe rugaragazwa kuva Ubudehe bwatangira kugeza uyu munsi uretse gukenesha abaturage no kubaheza hasi, kugira ngo bahore basabiriza.
Ubudehe bwatangiye gushyirwa mu bikorwa mu mwaka wa 2001. Guhera icyo gihe abanyarwanda bashyizwe mu byiciro bitandatu (6) by’Ubudehe birimo amazina agayitse, apfobya uburenganzira bwa kiremwamuntu kandi atera ipfunwe abayitwaga. Ni muri icyo gihe habayeho ibyiciro by’Abatindi nyakujya (Those in Abject Poverty), Abatindi (The Very Poor), Abakene (The Poor), Abakene bifashije (The Resourceful Poor), Abakungu (The Food Rich) n’ Abakire (The Money Rich).
Mu by’ukuri aya mazina y’ibyiciro uko byari bitandatu (6) ntiyigeze ashyira hamwe abaturage (social cohesion), ahubwo yateje ipfunwe n’umwiryane kuko nta munyarwanda wabaga wishimiye kwitwa umuhanya cyangwa umutindi nyakujya. Ku rundi ruhande uwitwaga umukire cyangwa umuherwe yabaga agatoye kuko yasabwaga amafaranga atangira ingano: imisanzu ya FPR, amafaranga y’umutekano, amafaranga y’ibishingwe, umusanzu w’amatora… n’andi menshi atagira itegeko riyashyiraho kandi uyatanze ntahabwe inyemezabwishyu, ku buryo umuntu umwe yashoboraga kuyakwa kenshi bitewe n’aho ageze.
Muri 2006, FPR yabonye ko gukamura abaturage amafaranga bidakorwa neza kubera ibyiciro byinshi byari bitandatu (6) maze ishyiraho bitanu (5) byagaragazwaga n’imibare: icyiciro cya 1, icyiciro cya 2, icyiciro cya 3, icyiciro cya 4 n’icyiciro cya 5. Ibi byiciro bitanu (5) byaje ari bibi cyane kubera ko byari byongereye umubare w’abakamurwamo amafaranga: Uretse icyiciro cya 1 n’icya 2, ibindi byiciro uko ai bitatu byari byugarijwe no gucibwa amafaranga ya hato na hato kandi atagira ingano. Hakiriwe inkunga nyinshi cyane zaba iz’ibigega mpuzamahanga by’imari n’iz’ibihugu bavuga ko zigamije kuzamura ibyo byiciro ariko se mu by’ukuri ayabageragaho yari angahe? Aho kubageraho yaburirwaga irengero, yiryamiye ku ma konti ya FPR.
Mu mwaka wa 2013, Ubudehe bweguriwe Minisiteri y’Ubutegetsi bw’Igihugu (MINALOC) maze buragizwa Ikigo gishinzwe guteza imbere ibikorwa by’iterambere mu nzego z’ibanze (Local Administrative Entities Development Agency-LODA), inzego z’ibanze (Akarere /n’Umurenge) ziba zibonye akazi.
Iki kigo cyashyizweho n’Itegeko No 62/2013 ryo ku wa 27/08/2013 rigena inshingano, imiterere n’imikorere byacyo maze mu ngingo yaryo ya 3 hemezwa ko abaturage bose bagomba kubarizwa mu byiciro by’Ubudehe, kandi bikagenzurwa n’iki kigo. Iki kigo cyahise gishingwa gukusanya imisanzu ya FPR.
Muri uyu mwaka kandi hagiyeho Itegeko No 87/2013 ryo ku wa 11/09/2013 rigena imitunganyirize n’imikorere y’inzego z’imitegekere y’igihugu zegerejwe abaturage; maze ingingo yaryo ya 2 ishimangira Ubudehe n’ibyiciro byabwo. Mu mwaka wa 2021, ibyiciro by’Ubudehe byaravuguruwe maze aho gukomeza kubibara mu mibare noneho hazaho uburyo bwo kubibara mu nyuguti: A, B, C, D na E. Nyamara abaturage barabitegereje baraheba. LODA yavugaga ko bizatangira gukoreshwa muri Gashyantare 2021, imyaka irarenga ibiri nta cyakozwe.
Ibi byiciro byari byashyizwemo abantu hakurikijwe ubukire cyangwa ubukene bwabo aho mu cyiciro cya A hashyirwagamo imiryango yinjiza amafaranga arenze ibihumbi 600 ku kwezi, cyangwa urugo rufite ubutaka burenga hegitari 10 mu cyaro na hegitari imwe mu mujyi. Icyiciro cya kabiri B, ari na cyo cyateje impaka kubera intera y’ubukungu iri hagati y’abagishyizwemo, kigizwe n’ingo zinjiza amafaranga guhera ku bihumbi 65 kugera ku bihumbi 600 buri kwezi, cyangwa ubutaka guhera kuri hegitari imwe kugera kuri hegitari 10 mu cyaro na metero kare 300 kugera kuri hegitari imwe mu mujyi.
Icyiciro cya gatatu C kirimo ingo zinjiza buri kwezi amafaranga kuva ku bihumbi 45 kugera kuri 65,000 FRW, cyangwa izifite ubutaka kuva ku gice cya hegitari kugera kuri hegitari imwe mu cyaro, na metero kare 100 kugera kuri 300 mu mujyi. Icyiciro cya kane D kibarurirwamo urugo rwinjiza munsi y’amafaranga ibihumbi 45 ku kwezi cyangwa ubutaka buri munsi ya 1/2 cya hegitari mu cyaro no munsi ya metero kare 100 mu mujyi, naho icyiciro gatanu E bavugaga ko kigizwe n’abazahabwa inkunga bitewe n’impamvu zigaragara ku mubiri z’uko batishoboye.
Ingaruka zatewe n’Ubudehe bwa FPR ni nyinshi cyane, nta wazivuga ngo azirangize, ariko iz’ingenzi zigaragarira mu iterambere ry’ubukungu, imibereho myiza y’abaturage no kubungabunga ibidukikije. Izi ni inkingi eshatu z’iterambere rirambye (3 piliers du développement durable).
Mu gihe rero abaturage bari bategereje ibyiciro bishya by’ubudehe, ku wa Gatatu, tariki ya 15 Werurwe 2023, Minisitiri w’Ubutegetsi bw’Igihugu, Musabyimana Jean Claude yarivuguruje, avuga ko kubwira umuntu ko ari mu cyiciro runaka bisa nk’inzira zifashishijwe mu gushyira abantu mu bwoko bwanageje u Rwanda mu kangaratete, bityo ko ibyo kubwira abantu ko bari mu byiciro by’Ubudehe runaka bizavaho.
Umwe mu baturage bo mu Mujyi wa Kigali, Habanabakije Jean Damascène, yabwiye RADIOTV10 ko na bo bagitegereje iby’ibi byiciro bishya kuko bitigeze bisohoka nk’uko bari babyizejwe ndetse ntibanabwirwe amakuru yabyo. Yagize ati : «Batubwiraga ko mu mezi atandatu bazaba bamaze kuduha ibyiciro bishya nyamara twarahebye.»
Minisitiri w’Ubutegetsi bw’Igihugu, Musabyimana Jean Claude, mu kiganiro yagiranye n’Abasenateri bagize Komisiyo ya Politiki n’Imiyoborere, ku wa 15 Werurwe 2023, yagaragaje ko kuba abantu baba bariho bazi ko bari mu byiciro runaka, na byo bitagaragara neza. Yagize ati: «Twabonye ko ari bibi. Ntabwo nari mpari biba, ariko ntekereza ko n’ubwoko mu Rwanda ari uko bwagiye buza, niko ntekereza.». Yakomeje agira ati : «Gushyira abantu mu byiciro ukavuga ngo ‘wowe uri muri iki cyiciro’, ni ibintu bibi cyane, kuko twagiye tubona abantu bajya kwandika ibaruwa, umwe agatangira ati ‘ndi mu cyiciro cya mbere cy’Ubudehe’, ukagira ngo byahindutse irangamuntu. Ntabwo ibyo bishoboka.»
Gushyira abaturage mu byiciro by’Ubudehe, ni ingingo yakunze guteza impaka muri rubanda, kuko byakunze kuba nk’igipimo ngenderwaho mu gufasha abaturage. Bamwe bavugaga ko habayeho kwibeshya bagashyirwa mu byiciro bitajyanye n’ubushobozi bwabo, bigatuma batagerwaho n’ubufasha.
Minisiteri y’Ubutegetsi bw’Igihugu ivuga ko ibyiciro by’Ubudehe bizasigara ari igipimo cya Leta yifashisha mu igenamigambi ariko ko nta muturage uzongera kubwirwa icyiciro cy’Ubudehe abarizwamo. Ibi rero bikaba ari ukwivuguruza urebye ibyavugwaga mu kwezi kwa 12/2020 n’ibivugwa uyu munsi. Hari n’abatekereza ko FPR yabonye ubundi buryo bwo gucuza no gukandamiza Abanyarwanda bidashingiye ku byiciro by’Ubudehe.
Ikibazo rero gikomeje guca ururondogoro abatari bake ni uko MINALOC ivuga ko ibyiciro by’Ubudehe bitazashingirwaho mu gutanga serivisi nyamara itegeko rishyiraho LODA rivuga ko buri muturage agomba kuba mu cyiciro cy’Ubudehe. Ese hagati ya MINALOC na LODA uvuga ukuri n inde ? Iki kibazo tugisigiye abadukurikira kugira ngo tucyunguraneho ibitekerezo. Umupira uri mu kibuga cya buri wese!
Ubudehe bumaze imyaka isaga 23 bumunga iterambere ry’ubukungu n’imibereho myiza y’Abanyarwanda. Icyo Abanyarwanda bitaga guhuriza hamwe imbaraga zo kurwanya ubunebwe no kutita ku murimo cyahindutse igikoresho cyo kubakenesha no kugwiza umutungo wa FPR mu gihe uwo mutungo uba ahanini wavuye mu nguzanyo zizishyurwa mu gihe kinini kandi ntacyo zamariye Abanyarwanda. Igihe rero kirageze ngo, buri munyarwanda utekereza, ahaguruke n’imizi n’imiganda, yamagane ubu bujura bushyigikiwe n’amategeko y’agacinyizo, agamije gusa gukenesha Abanyarwanda. Mu gihe abantu bakomeje guhezwa mu bukene bukabije, bazakomeza gutekereza gusa kwirirwa no kuramuka, mu gihe amakonti ya FPR akomeje kubyimba mu mabanki yo hirya no hino ku isi, mu bihugu bifatwa nka paradis fiscaux. Kuba igisobanuro cy’Ubudehe cyarahinduwe mu nyungu z’agatsiko gato cyane, kari ku ibere rya FPR, iri jambo ntirikwiye gukomeza gukoreshwa mu Rwanda, kuko ari uburyo guheza abanyarwanda mu rwijiji rw’ijoro, bakazajya gukanguka amazi yararenze inkombe, nyamara ari nta garuriro.
Nta wasoza atibukije ko ingaruka z’Ubudehe bwa FPR zigaragarira mu nzego zose z’imibereho y’igihugu, mu gihe FPR yo icyo yimirije imbere ari ukurya imitsi y’abaturage no kubakenesha. Nta kundi rero ibi byacika uretse kuba Abanyarwanda bose, nta n’iyonka isigaye, bahahagurukira Impinduramatwara Gacanzigo, kuko niyo yonyine yatuma u Rwanda ruhinduka igihugu kizira intambara umunyarwanda arwana n’undi.
Remezo Rodriguez