IMPAMVU  FPR ISHYIRA IMANZA MU MUHEZO MU BURYO BUNYURANYIJE N’AMATEGEKO ZAMENYEKANYE.

Yanditswe na Ahirwe Kalori

Mu Rwanda twumva imanza nyinshi ziburanishwa mu nkiko zo mu Rwanda zibera mu muhezo (à huis clos), buri wese akabyibazaho. Nyamara ibi byose biba Leta ya FPR itayobewe ko yashyizeho amategeko yanditse kugira areshye ngo abaterankunga, nyamara byagera igihe cyo gushyirwa mu bikorwa, ya mategeko akirengagizwa hakikoresherezwa amabwiriza, bityo uburenganzira bw’abakekwaho ibyaha bugahonyorwa.

Igihugu cy’Ubuholandi ni kimwe mu bihugu bitanga amafaranga atagira ingano buri mwaka, akoreshwa mu kubaka urwego rw’ubutabera n’ubucamanza, harimo amahugurwa, kubaka ibikorwa remezo guhemba abakozi, kugenza ibyaha no gushaka ibimenyetso, guhamagara no ku kugeza abakekwaho ibyaha mu nkiko n’ibindi. Ibyo rero bituma amategeko agomba kwandikwa neza kugira ngo Ubuholandi n’ibindi bihugu bifasha u Rwanda byishime. Nyamara aya mategeko yandikirwa gushimisha abanyamahanga ntakurikizwa mu nkiko.

Turebye nko mu Itegeko Nº 30/2013 ryo kuwa 24/5/2013 ryerekeye “Imiburanishirize y’Imanza z’Inshinjabyaha /Code de Procédure Pénale-CPP ”, rigizwe n’ingingo 282, mu ngingo yaryo ya 150 iteganya “Amahame y’ingenzi agenga imanza z’inshinjabyaha/ Principes directeurs du procès pénal ”, isobanura ko imanza z’inshinjabyaha zigomba gushingira ku mahame y’ingenzi atanu (5) irya mbere rikavuga ko buri rubanza rugomba “kubera mu ruhame”. Kuki bidakorwa? Ni uko hari imanza zishobora gutamaza FPR kubera itekinika ry’ibyaha, usanga akenshi byibasira abavuga ibitagenda bya FPR.

Aho kugira ngo hubahirizwe ihame rya mbere ryo mu ngingo ya 150, hahita hifashishwa ingingo ya 155 iteganya “Icyemezo cy’urukiko cyo kuburanisha mu muhezo/ Décision de la juridiction ordonnant le huis clos”, nyamara iyi ngingo ya 155 nayo yanditse mu buryo bwo gushimisha abaterakunga, kuko igira iti “Iburanisha rikorwa mu ruhame. Icyakora, urukiko rushobora kwemeza ko iburanisha riba mu muhezo mu gihe ryabangamira umutekano cyangwa imico y’imbonezabupfura.

Iyo umuhezo wemejwe, isomwa ry’ibyemezo bishobora gufatwa ku nzitizi n’ingoboka, na ryo riba mu muhezo. Urubanza rw’iremezo rusomerwa iteka mu ruhame”. Nyamara ibi ntisomwa hireberwa amabwiriza.

Muri iri sesengura rero tugamije kwerekana icyo FPR iba yikeka gituma imanza nyinshi ibona ko zagaragaza itekinika ryayo, zikaryereka isi yose, izishyira mu muhezo, twifashishije ingero ku manza zabaye vuba aha.

Mu kwanzika, mu busesenguzi twakoze twasanze imanza zisa n’izishamikiye kuri politique, ni ukuvuga imanza zifatiye ku byaha bihimbano Leta iba yahimbye kugira ngo ikubite agafuni mu mutwe abatavuga rumwe nayo cyangwa abayinenga. Ibyo byaha Leta ikunda guhimbira abantu ni ibyitirirwa “ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside, gushaka guhirika ubutegetsi, kugumura abaturage no kubangisha ubutegetsi, gukora imitwe y’iterabwoba, ubwisanzure mu gutanga ibitekerezo, ubwisanzure bw’itangazamakuru, imanza za gisirikare n’izindi nyinshi zinyuranye”. Mwene izi manza usanga zifite umwihariko wahimbwe.

Yego hari ibyo amategeko ateganya tutakwirengagiza, nk’ibyo twavuze mu ngingo ya 155 ya CPP, ariko se imanza zose zishyirwa mu muhezo niko zikeneye umuhezo? Ubu busesenguzi nicyo bugamije ahanini, kugira ngo twerekane niba izi manza zose ziba zujuje ibisabwa kugira ngo zishyirwe mu muhezo, turebe n’ingero.

Duhereye ku rubanza rwa Béatrice Munyenyezi, kuko ari rwo ruheruka gushyirwa mu muhezo nta mpamvu, urwo rubanza rwasubukuwe tariki ya 24 Gashyantare uyu mwaka.

Hari izindi manza zagiye zishyirwa mu muhezo mu bihe bitandukanye bya vuba aha. Hari urubanza rwa Phocas Ndayizera rwashyizwe mu muhezo mu buryo butigeze busobanuka, dore ko nta mabanga gihugu rwari ruhetse, nta bijyanye no kurengera uburenganzira bw’umwana byarimo, nta bijyanye n’amabanga y’abashakanye, nta byari kuvugirwamo bibangamiye umutekano w’abanyagihugu cyangwa ngo byangize umuco mbonezapfura n’ibindi bashingiraho.

Hari kandi urubanza rwa Idamange Iryamugwiza Yvonne, narwo rwashyizwe mu muhezo nta mpamvu, kuko ibyo yashinjwaga byose yabivugiye kuri YouTube, kandi uwari kujyaho yari kubisangaho. Yaje kurwikuramo kuko ihame rya mbere rivugwa mu ngingo ya 150 ya CPP ritubahirijwe kuko yasabye ko yaburana imbonankubone (mu ruhame), ntibabimwemerera, yewe ntibamubwira n’impamvu y’uwo muhezo.

Hari n’abandi bana baregwaga gukorana n’Umutwe wa Leta wa Kiyisilamu (Islamic States). Aba nabo rwashyizwe mu muhezo nta mpamvu, nyuma yo gufungirwa ahantu hatazwi bakorerwa iyicarubozo, inkiko zatinyaga ko nizibaburanishiriza mu ruhame, bazahita batamaza amahano akorwa na FPR, isi yose ikayamenya, maze babakatira burundu, barajurira, nyuma y’imyaka ibiri basohoka ari abere.

Hari na none urubanza rwa Karasira Uzaramba Aimable, narwo rwashyizwe mu muhezo ubwo yaburanaga ari kuri cachot ya Kicukiro, batinya ko azashyira hanze uburyo FPR yamwiciye ababyeyi, mushiki we na murumuna we, bigatuma na murumuna we umwe yari asigaranye arwara indwara zo mu mutwe zitewe n’agahinda gakabije. Agejejwe i Mageregere nabwo yakomeje kuburana hifashishijwe ikoranabunga ariko ari mu muhezo kuko nta munyamakuru n’umwe cyangwa undi wese wari wemerewe kuhakandagiza ikirenge.

Urubanza rw’abaturage ba Kangondo na Kibiraro ahazwi nka Bannyahe rwagiye rushyirwa mu muhezo hadakurikijwe ikintu na kimwe kivugwa mu ngingo ya 155 ya CPP. Hahishwaga ubugome abambari ba FPR barimo MINALOC, Umujyi wa Kigali n’Akarere ka Gasabo bagiye babakorera mu bihe bitandukanye.

Hari n’izindi manza nyinshi zagiye zishyirwa mu muhezo mu bihe bitandukanye, nta mpamvu ishingiweho, nyamara, dukora ubu busesenguzi, twageragerageje kubaza abanyamategeko impamvu izi manza kimwe n’izindi zashyizwe mu muhezo nyamara zitujuje ibyangombwa byo gushyirwa mu muhezo, ariko badushubije mu buryo bubiri: bamwe ntibashaka kuvuga ku manzi zikiri mu nkiko, abandi ntibashaka gusobanura amategeko amwe n’amwe, kuko hari akirimo kuvugururwa. Twe rero ntitwari kwicara ngo turebere.

Twagiye kureba itegeko ryavuzwe haruguru rikoreshwa mu kuburanisha izi manza, maze tugerageza kwegeranya zimwe mu mpamvu zituma imanza zimwe zishyirwa mu muhezo hadakurikijwe ibivugwa mu ngingo ya 155 ya CPP. Zimwe twabonye ni izi zikurikira:

1. Kutubahiriza amategeko akurikizwa mu kugeza ukekwaho ibyaha imbere y’ubutabera: Mu Itegeko twavuze haruguru, cyane cyane mu ngingo ya 46 n’iya 47, hagenwa uburyo uregwa ahamagarwa (Convocation) cyangwa akagezwaho urwandiko rumutumira kwitaba RIB (Mandat de comparution). Iyo ataje ku neza ingingo ya 48 iteganya uburyo uregwa azanwa ku gahato (Mandat d’amener). Iya 49 igateganya urwandiko rw’Umushinjacyaha rufunga by’agateganyo (Mandat d’arrêt délivré par un Officier de Poursuite Judiciaire) naho iya 50 iteganya urwandiko mpuzamahanga rwo gufata uregwa (Mandat d’arrêt international). Mu butegetsi bwa FPR rero izi ngingo zose tumaze kuvuga nta n’imwe yubahirizwa. Abafatwa babatera mu gicuku bakabashimuta, bakabafungira ahantu hatazwi, bo bita “safe houses”, bagakorerwa iyicarubozo, babona bagiye gupfa bakemera ibyaha byose, barangiza bakabereka itangazamakuru babeshya ko bafashwe uwo munsi nyamara hari abamara amezi menshi baraburiwe irengero. Izi manza rero zishyirwa mu muhezo kugira ngo isi yose itamenya uburyo bafashwemo bubabaje.

• Ibazwa n’uburenganzira by’ukurikiranyweho icyaha (Interrogatoire et droits du prévenu): Ingingo ya 61 ya CPP ivuga ko iyo ukurikiranyweho icyaha yitabye ku nshuro ya mbere, umushinjacyaha asuzuma umwirondoro we, akanamumenyesha ibyo akurikiranyweho n’icyo amategeko ateganya. Umushinjacyaha abishyira mu nyandikomvugo. Ukekwaho icyaha ntiyemerewe kubazwa atari kumwe n’umwunganizi yihitiyemo. Iyi ngingo ntiyubahirizwa, abunganizi bagaragara mu bushinjacyaha nyuma y’ibazwa ry’ibanze. Usanga inyandikomvugo z’ibazwa zikorwa mu iyicarubozo riteye ubwoba, hakaba n’abakubitishwa amashanyarazi mu gitsina iyo ari abagore, abagabo bakajombwa inshinge ku myanya y’ibanga, bakemera ibyaha byose kubera ububabare, nyamara nta gikomere ku mubiri bakwerekana mu rukiko. Niyo mpamvu rero imanza zishyirwa mu muhezo, kugira ngo ubugome ndengakamere bwa FPR budasakara hanze.

• Inyandikomvugo y’isaka, isura n’ifatira (Procès-verbal de perquisition, de visite et de saisie): Ingingo ya 71 ya CPP iteganya ko umaze gusura ahantu, gusaka no gufatira abikorera inyandikomvugo, kopi yayo igahabwa abarebwa n’icyo gikorwa. Ibi ntibyubahirizwa ahubwo bitekinikwa na RIB nyuma y’igihe kinini hasatswe ahantu, hasuwe cyangwa hari ibyo bafatiriye, rimwe na rimwe ugasanga hafashwe n’ibidafite aho bihuriye n’urubanza, ugasanga urashinjwa gutanga ibitekerezo byawe, hagafatirwa matelas cyangwa couvre-lit. Ibi rero nabyo inkiko za FPR ntizishobora gutuma bivugirwa mu ruhame, byanze bikunze urubanza ruhita rushyirwa mu muhezo.

• Kudafunga ukurikiranyweho icyaha (Liberté du prévenu lors de l’instruction): Ingingo ya 89 ya CPP iteganya ko ari ihame ko ukurikiranyweho icyaha akurikiranwa adafunzwe. Icyakora, ukurikiranyweho icyaha ashobora gufungwa by’agateganyo mu gihe hubahirijwe ibiteganyijwe mu ngingo ya 96 n’iya 97 z’iri tegeko. Izi ngingo ziza zivuga exception yo kugira uregwa akurikiranwe afunzwe. Iya 96 iteganya ko ukurikiranyweho icyaha ntashobora gufungwa mbere y’urubanza keretse hari impamvu zikomeye zituma akekwaho icyaha kandi icyo akurikiranyweho kikaba ari icyaha amategeko yateganyirije guhanisha igifungo cy’imyaka ibiri (2) nibura. Iya 97 yo iteganya ko muri iri tegeko, impamvu zikomeye zituma umuntu akekwaho icyaha atari ibimenyetso ahubwo ni ibyagezweho bihagije mu iperereza bituma bakeka ko umuntu ukurikiranywe ashobora kuba yarakoze icyaha. Ibikorwa mu Rwanda bihabanye cyane n’izi ngingo 3 za 89,96 na 97, kuko zitajya zirebwaho, bigatuma imanza zishyirwa mu muhezo kugira ngo ibyakozwe bitazagera mu baterankunga bagafunga imfashanyo.

• Ifungwa rinyuranyije n’amategeko (Détention illégale): Ingingo ya 90 iteganya ko mu ifungwa ritemewe n’amategeko harimo gufungira umuntu mu nzu itabigenewe, gufunga umuntu igihe kirenze icyateganyijwe n’inyandikomvugo zo gufata n’inyandiko zifunga by’agateganyo mbere y’urubanza, gukomeza gufunga umuntu harafashwe icyemezo kitemera cyangwa kitongera ifungwa mbere y’urubanza, cyangwa cyemera ifungurwa ry’agateganyo, gukomeza gufunga umuntu harafashwe icyemezo kimugira umwere. Ibi rero nibyo bikorwa gusa mu magereza ya FPR, ku buryo mwene izi manza batatinyuka kuziburanishiriza mu ruhame kuko isi yahita ibota, ikinyoma kigakubitirwa ahakubuye n’ahakoropye.

• Gutegeka uwafunze umuntu mu buryo bunyuranije n’amategeko kwitaba Urukiko (Procédure

d’habeas corpus): Ingingo ya 91 iteganya ko iyo umuntu yafunzwe mu buryo bunyuranyije n’amategeko, umucamanza uwo ari we wese ukorera mu rukiko ruri hafi y’aho umuntu afungiye, rufite ububasha bwo kuburanisha imanza zerekeranye n’ibyaha bisa nk’icyo ufunzwe aregwa, ashobora gutegeka uwafunze umuntu muri ubwo buryo, kwitaba kugira ngo asobanure impamvu n’uburyo uwo muntu afunze. Uyu wafunze bitemewe n’amategeko iyo bimuhamye abihanirwa n’amategeko. Birumvikana rero ko iyi ngingo yubahirije abakwitaba inkiko kubera gufunga bitemewe n’amategeko baruta umubare abaturage bose batuye Rubavu, Nyanza na Rutsiro bateranye! Nabwo kubera gutinya ko aba bafunga bazajya bahora bitaba inkiko, barabizinzika, imanza iyo ziva zikagera zikisanga mu muhezo.

Mu kwanzura rero twavuga ko izi ari impamvu eshashatu (6) gusa zavuye mu Itegeko rimwe rikoreshwa mu miburanishirize y’imanza nshinjabyaha gusa. Byumvikane ko hari n’indi miburanishirize y’imanza mbonezamubano, iz’ubucuruzi, iz’ubutegetsi, politiki n’umurimo n’izindi nyinshi cyane. Niyo mpamvu rero uwacukumbura impamvu imanza zishyirwa mu muhezo atazimarayo. Gusa icyo bihuriyeho ni ukwica amategeko no guhonyora uburenganzira bwa muntu, hashingiwe ku itekinika rya FPR.

Turasaba rero abatanga inkunga ku Rwanda kugenzura niba amategeko yanditse, n’ubwo nayo atuzuye yubahirizwa. Biteye agahinda kuko dufite urugero rw’Abasenateri baherutse gusura Gereza ya Nyarugenge iri i Mageragere, maze muri raporo yabo bivugira ubucucike bw’abanyururu gusa, ariko ababuzwa uburenganzira bwabo nk’abakubitwa, abicishwa inzara, abafungirwa mu myobo, ababuzwa kugemurirwa no kohererezwa amafaranga yo kwifashisha, abimwa ibikoresho bagenewe n’imiryango yabo, n’akandi karengane gatandukanye. Nyamara nabo umunsi bagiyeyo, kandi si kera, bazicuza impamvu ntacyo bakoze.

Mu gusoza ubu busesenguzi rero twakongera guhamagarira Abanyarwanda b’ingeri zose, cyane cyane ababa mu Rwanda, kwigana urugero rw’abatwara moto mu mujyi wa Kigali, bahagurutse baharanira uburenganzira bwabo, kandi ntacyo babaye. Iyo uri mu kuri Imana iba ku ruhande rwawe. Bitabaye ibyo FPR izagenda yica umwe umwe, tuzashirire ku icumu kandi, hari uburyo bwo kuyikubitisha amategeko yishyiriyeho. Tukabona rero impamvu nyamukuru imanza zishyirwa mu muhezo nta mpamvu, igamije kugira ngo izo manza zitayitamaza, ikisanga isi yose yamenye akarengane bamwe mu Banyarwanda bagize nk’ifunguro ribatunga.