Yanditswe na Constance Mutimukeye
Kuva ku wa 22 Mata 1995 kugeza ku wa 22 Mata 2023, ubaze umunsi ku wundi, imyaka 28 yari yuzuye FPR ihekuye Abanyarwanda batagira ingano, abandi ibagize imfubyi n’abapfakazi, biturutse ku bwicanyi bw’indengakamere yakoreye impunzi zarengaga 100,000 zari zarahahungiye, maze hicwamo abarenga 8,000 imbere y’abasirikare ba Loni, bamwe babura icyo bakora, abandi barahahamuka.
Abari bahungiye i Kibeho bari baturutse mu duce dutandukanye tw’igihugu, byitwaga ko bavanywe mu byabo (Internally Displaced Persons-IDP), bitewe n’intambara yabaga hagati ya FAR na FPR. Izi mpunzi zari zirinzwe n’abasirikare ba MINUAR bakomokaga muri Australia na Zambia, bicirwa mu maso abarenga 8,000, bishwe n’ingabo za FPR, zitwaga APR, ariko y’u Rwanda ishinyagurira abishwe ivuga ko hishwe 338 gusa.
Nyuma y’uko FPR ifashe ubutegetsi nyuma ya Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi mu 1994, FPR yashinjaga inkambi ya Kibeho kuba icumbitswemo n’abakoze iyi Jenoside, ariko ikibagirwa kuba nayo ubwayo yagize uruhare muri iyo jenoside, kandi ko muri iyo nkambi huzuyemo abana b’ibitambambuga bidafite uruhare na ruto mu byabaye, ariko nyuma yo kwicishwa inzara n’inyota imbaga yiganjemo abo mu gice cy’Abahutu yararimbaguwe, nta kindi kitaweho uretse ubugome bw’indengakamere abasirikare ba APR bari bafite.
Muri iki gihe icyari cyariswe “Safe Humanitarian Zones ” cyari mu gice cyabarizwagamo “Opération Turquoise’’ cyabarizwaga impunzi sirenga 350,000 zashakaga uko zahungira mu cyahoze ari Zaïre, ariko ingabo za APR zirabatangatanga, zibima inzira, bituma hagumaho inkambi nyinshi, kandi ugize ngo arasubira mu bye, agakubitwa agafuni. Ibi rero nibyo byatumye benshi bahinda umushyitsi igihe havugwaga gutahuka.
Hagati y’Ukwakira 1994 na Mutarama 1995, Umuryango w’Abibumbye wari umaze gucyura bamwe muri izi mpunzi bagera mu 80,000, ariko abenshi bitwikiraga ijoro bakagaruka muri izi nkambi kuko Inkotanyi zicaga urupfu rubi, benshi batumizwaga mu nama bagerayo bakazirikwa akandoyi, bagakubitwa amafuni.
Muri Mutarama 1995, hasohotse raporo yitiriwe Gersony ivuga ku bwicanyi ndengakamere FPR yakoraga hirya no hino mu gihugu, bitu,a ingabo za APR zihabwa amabwiriza yo kugabanya ubwicanyi mu kivunge (en masse), ahubwo zihabwa mabwiriza yo kujya zica abize n’abacuruzi gusa, ariko bakamenya ko muri Komini, uko zari 145, hagombaga kwicwa abantu byibuze babiri ku munsi, mu gikorwa cyiswe “Punguza Waginga”.
Umushakashatsi akaba n’umuhanga, Gerard Prunier yanditse ko “inkambi zari zicumbikiye ibihumbi by’abagore n’abana, kimwe n’abagabo barimo abagize cyangwa batagize uruhare muri jenoside”, acyandika ibi Ibiro Bikuru by’Umuryango w’Abibumbye byatangiye kujujura ko bigiye gucana umubano na FPR kubera ubwicanyi yakoraga hirya no hino mu gihugu, uwari intumwa y’Umuryango w’Abibumbye yatangaje ko FPR idafite ubushake bwo guhagarika ubu bwicanyi, bwatumaga abaturage bava aho bari batuye bakajya muri mwene izi nkambi, kandi byari biteje ikibazo, kuko abicwaga bari benshi cyane.
Inkambi ya Kibeho rero yari isigayemo abaturage babarirwa hagati ya 80,000 na 100,000 mu ntangiriro za Mutarama 1995. Iyi nkambi yari irinzwe n’abasirikare b’Umuryango w’Abibumbye barwanira ku butaka bakomokaga muri Zambia, ubuvuzi butangwa na Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), ariko bose batunguwe ko iminsi ine (4) mbere y’ubu bwicanyi bwa FPR, ingabo za APR zaje zikazenguruka inkambi, ntihagira usohoka, yaba agiye gushaka icyo kurya, amazi cyangwa inkwi zo guteka, bari barafungiwe.
Ku itariki ya 17 Mata 1995 uwari Préfet wa Butare yari yatangaje ko inkambi zose zigomba gufungwa ako kanya, abazirimo bose bagasubira mu ngo zabo, ariko yaribeshyaga kuko abaturage benshi bari barataye ingo zabo bahunga ubwicanyi FPR yakoraga aho yanyuraga hose. Uyu mutegetsi FPR yari yashyizeho ingamba zo gufunga inkambi mu cyari Butare cyose avuga ko agamije gutandukanya abagize uruhare muri jenoside n’abatararugize, ariko hariho kwica inzirakarengane nyinshi hashingiwe kuko bize cyangwa bafite imitungo.
Ku wa 18 Mata 1995, abasirikare ba MINUAR bagera kuri 32 bakomokaga muri Australia baguwe gitumo kimwe n’abaganga ba MSF, i Kibeho baratatanywa bajyanwa ahantu hatandukanye. Hahise hakurikiraho kwica impunzi hakoreshejwe intwaro ziremeye cyane nk’izirwanya ibyihebe, mu gihe impunzi zitari zifite kirengera.
Umwe mu basirikare bakomoka muri Australia, Colonel P.G. Warfe yasobanuye ibyabaye agira ati: «Ku wa Kabiri, taiki ya 18 Mata 1995, ahagana saa cyenda zo mu rukerera (3h00), batayo ebyiri za APR zazengurutse inkambi ya Kibeho.» akomeza avuga ko «Abasirikare ba RPA babanje gukomanyiriza abari mu nkambi bababuza gusohoka bajya gushaka ibiribwa n’amazi, hagira usohoka bakamukanga barasa hejuru, maze impunzi zishya ubwoba, zitangira kwicirwa n’umwuma ndetse n’inzara mu nkambi.»
Uyu musirikare akomeza avuga ko abaturage bari bagiye kwicwa n’inzara batangiye kwiyahura, bagasohoka mu nkambi ya Kibeho, ariko mu gitondo cya kare umugore umwe wari uhetse umwana yarashwe amasasu ya nyayo mu mayunguyungu, hakurakiraho abandi baturage 10 ndetse n’abana benshi batangiye gusohoka inkambi biruka, ariko bose bahita baraswa. Ati: «Bigeze mu saa kumi n’igice z’amanywa (16h30), abasirikare ba RPA bongeye kurasa abashakaga gusohoka, abagera ku 9 bahita bahasiga ubuzima, kuko gusa bashakaga kujya gushaka inkwi, ibiryo n’amazi.»
Mu minsi yakurikiyeho noneho ubwicanyi bwakomeje gufata indi ntera, benshi baricwa, amahanga arebera, ariko nyuma uwari Minisitiri wo gucyura impunzi, Jacques Bihozagara, yatanze ikiganiro, avuga ko izi mpunzi zangaga gutaha kuko ngo hari ibihuha ko abatashye bicwa, ariko ntibyari ibihuha kuko bicwaga.
Jacques Bihozagara yavugaga ibi kuko yumvaga ari ku ibere rya FPR kuko yari umututsi, ariko nawe yaje kwicirwa mu Burundi, FPR yaramaze kumuhaga, imwohereza korora ingurube iwabo, hafi ya Kibeho, hamwe yavugaga ko hapfuye abahutu bakeya, batagize icyo bavuze, ko kwica Interahamwe 338 bidakanganye.
Ku rundi ruhande, uwari Minisitiri w’Ubutegetsi bw’Igihugu, ari n’umuhutu, Seth Sendashonga, yakomeje gutabariza abahutu bicwaga na FPR, ndetse nyuma y’uko impunzi za Kibeho zicwa ajyayo, arumirwa, agaruka i Kigali yahahamutse, ahita atumira inama y’igitaraganya, ahuza abahagarariye Umuryango Mpuzamahanga n’indi miryango itagengwa na Leta, kwihutira gucyura impunzi zari zarokotse ariko zigifungiranye mu nkambi ya Kibeho, ku buryo zari zigiye kwicwa n’inzara, kuko zitari zikibona ibiryo, amazi n’inkwi zo gutekesha.
Minisitiri Sendashonga yamenyesheje Minisitiri w’Intebe, Faustin Twagiramungu, Perezida Pasteur Bizimungu na Visi-Perezida akaba na Minisitiri w’Ingabo, Paul Kagame, uyu wa nyuma amubwira ko agiye guhagarika ubu bwicanyi, ariko nta byabaye kuko Sendashonga yamwandikiye amaruwa arenga 700 amwereka ahabereye ubwicanyi, ariko ntihagira igikorwa, abahutu barakomeza baricwa imyaka irashira.
Sendashonga akimara gutabariza inkambi ya Kibeho, bukeye abandi basirikare babiri bakije umuriro, umwe arasa abantu 60 undi arasa 20. Umunyamakuru wabyireberaga n’amaso ye, Linda Polman, wari waherekeje abasirikare ba MINUAR, bakomokaga muri Zambia yahahamuwe n’ibyo yabonye, acika ururondogoro.
Polman yaranditse ati: «Nta wamenya neza umubare w’impunzi zose zari i Kibeho, gusa abagera ku 150,000 bari barakuwe mu byabo n’intambara, bari bacucitse ku gasozi gato ka Kibeho, ku kanya kangana gusa n’ibibuga bitatu by’umupira w’amaguru, ubuso buto cyane. Mu masaha atandatu ashize izi mpunzi zahatiwe gusubira aho zaturutse, zitangira kuraswa mu maso yanjye, ku buryo byanteye ihahamuka rikomeye, mbura umwuka, ndakumbagara. Impunzi ntacyo zari zibashije gukora ngo zirengere, ndetse n’abasirikare bavuye muri Zambia batarengaga 80, ntacyo bashoboraga gukora ku basirikare barenga batayo ebyiri ba APR.»
Tubibutse ko batayo imwe ya APR yabaga igizwe n’abasirikare bari hagati ya 600 na 800 bivuze ko hari byibura abasirikare 1600 ba APR bari bagose inkambi. Amasasu yagwaga nk’imvura kandi umusirikare umwe yashoboraga kwica abantu 100 mu minota itarenga 5, kuko nta butabazi bwashobokaga.
Umunyakuru Linda Polman akomeza ubuhamya avuga ati: «Imihanda ibiri yaganaga i Kibeho yari yafunzwe n’abasirikae ba APR, ku buryo impunzi zitari kubona aho zihungira. Kubona ibiryo n’amazi byari byahagaze. Amakabyo y’abagiraneza yari asanzwe agemurira ibiribwa inkambi ya Kibeho, yarazaga agasubizwayo n’abasirikare ba APR. Impunzi ntizari zemerewe ubufasha ubwo ari bwo bwose. Impunzi zimaze gushoberwa, itsinda rigizwe n’abantu 6 mu mpunzi batinyuye abandi batangira kwirukankira mu gishanga, ingabo za APR zibarasaho ako kanya, bamwe batangira gupfa umugenda. Twabonaga impunzi ziraswa zikagwa hasi, zigapfa ako kanya.»
Linda Polman akomeza agira ati : «Negereye Capitaine Francis (wo mu ngabo zakomokaga muri Zambia), mubwira mu ijwi ryo hejuru nti: “Mubahagarike! Mugire icyo mukora!” (“Stop them! Do something!”). Ariko we yaransubije ati: “Twategetswe gukorana n’abategetsi b’u Rwanda, ntitwemerewe kurasa ingabo zabo”. Ndamubaza nti: “N’ubwo mwababona gutya bica abaturage b’inzirakarengane?” , aransubiza ngo “Yego!”, mbura icyo ndenzaho ndiheba cyane.»
Polman yongeyeho ati: «Iminsi ibiri twahamaze ingabo za FPR zakomeje kurasa inzirakarengane, nta gitabara bafite, badupfira mu maso twese tubyirebera…»
Umuganga wakomokaga muri Australia, Major Carol Vaughan-Evans yagize ati: «Ndibuka neza ko nari nahageze iminsi ine mbere y’ubwicanyi, ku wa 18 Mata 1995, ariko nahise mbona ko tutari dukenewe. Ingabo za guverinoma [APR] zarabitweretse neza rwose… Zaratubwiye ngo tuvure gusa abemeye kuva mu nkambi, ariko ntitwinjiremo. Ingabo za guverinoma zatubwiye ko nidukomeza guhatiriza ziri buze kwica buri wese, natwe zikatwica.»
Mu gitondo cyo ku wa 22 Mata 1995, ingabo za MINUAR zavuye abantu 100 bari bamaze gukomeretswa ariko bakirimo akuka, bagerageza kubatabara ariko Ingabo za Kagame zo ntizashakaga ko harokoka n’umwe.
Byagenze bite ngo umubare w’impunzi ungana kuriya wicwe mu gitoya gitoya kuriya?
Bitarenga saa yine z’amanywa (10h00), mu mvura iremereye y’umuvumbi, y’ukwezi kwa kane, abasirikare ba APR batangiye kurasa mu gice cyarimo abarwayi, bituma impunzi zose zatangira kuyagara. Amasaha abiri yakurikiye abasirikare ba APR bakomeje kurasa ku mpunzi batitaye ngo ni abana, abagore cyangwa abagabo. Bari bafite umugambi wo gutsemba igihumeka cyose mu nkambi ya Kibeho, ariko ntibabigeraho.
Abasirikare ba APR babonye ko ubwicanyi butihuta bazana imbunda nini zo mu bwoko bwa 60 mm mortar, batangira kurasa mu nkambi nk’aho barimo kurwanya ibyihebe bishaka gufata perezidansi.
Umwe mu basirikare ba MINUAR, Corporal Paul Jordan yagize ati: «Twiboneraga aba baturage bahigwa kandi baraswa, ariko ntabwo twashoboraga kurasa. Ingabo za APR zagabanyije kurasa umwanya mutoya, mu gihe cyo kujya kurya, ariko bamaze kurya bongera kurasa inkambi, kugeza mu saa kumi n’ebyiri z’umugoroba (6h00). Abapfuye bari benshi n’inkomere ari nyinshi cyane.»
Abaganga ba MSF n’abo muri Australia bakomeje kurwana no kuvura inkomere, ariko babonaga bakorera ubusa kuko bamaraga kuvura inkomere, Ingabo za APR zikongera zikazirasa. Bahisemo gukora uko bashoboye kugira inkomere zibagezeho bahite bazimurira kuvurirwa i Kigali, ariko nabyo ntacyo byatanze kuko imodoka z’abaganga zahagarikwa kenshi n’abasirikare ba APR, bagakuramo abagabo n’abambaye imyenda myiza, bakabarasira imbere y’abaganga, bavuga ko nta mpamvu yo kujyana Interahamwe i Kigali.
Abanya-Zambia bakoze uko bashoboye bimura ibitaro babikura mu masasu. Umunyamakuru Paul Jordan avuga ko “nta cyizere cy’uko hari uwagombaga kurokoka kuko abaturage baraswaga n’imbunda nini kandi badafite uwo kubatabara, nyamara MINUAR irebera itemerewe kurasana n’abasirikare ba Leta, babaruta ubwinshi inshuro zirenga 20.”
Uyu Corporal Paul Jordan avuga ko yiboneye intwaro zakoreshejwe na APR mu kurasa impunzi zirimo imbunda nto zirasa urufaya rw’amasasu (automatic rounds guns), imbunda zirasa ibisasu biremereye bya rokete (Rocket Propelled Grenades- RPG), za mashinigani (50 calibre machine guns), n’izindi nyinshi zarasaga impunzi kugeza ijoro riguye, kurasa birahagarara kuko abasirikare batinyaga kurasana hagati yabo.
Mu rwego rwo guhisha ibimenyetso, abasirikare ba APR batangiye gutaba imirambo no kuyimura, mu ijoro ryo ku wa 22-23 Mata 1995, ariko mu gitondo abaganga bo muri Australia babashije kubarura imirambo irenga 4,200, ubariyemo abishwe bagatabwa, abagumye banamye ku musozi n’abagiye bicwa n’ibikomere bose hamwe barenga 8,000. Bose bishwe ingabo za MINUAR ziraho zifashe mapfubyi, nta kindi zakora.
Andi makuru avuga ko abishwe na APR barenze aba cyane kuko umuganga wo muri Australia witwa Terry Pickard yahamije ko igihe cyageze abasirirkare ba APR bababuza gukomeza kubarura imirambo. Gérard Prunier yavuze ko “bidashoboka kumenya umubare w’abiciwe muri ubu bwicanyi (a not unreasonable estimate)”, ahanini kuko hari n’abishwe byageza ninjoro abasirikare ba APR bakabapakira mu makamyo bakajya kubajugunya mu migezi itatu ikikije Kibeho ari yo Akanyaru, Akavuguto n’Agatobwe.
Uwari Minisitiri w’Ubutegetsi, Seth Sendashonga yashinje ubu bwicanyi Kagame, ndetse ko yarishyirwaho Urukiko Mpuzamahanga Mpanabyaha akabibazwa, ariko byarangiye Kagame amuhize ngo amwice, Sendashonga arahunga, ariko biba iby’ubusa, Kagame amukurikira mu buhungiro amutsinda muri Kenya.
Nyuma ya Sendashonga abandi baminisitiri b’Abahutu batangiye kwigizwaho bashinjwa ko bakorana n’abacengezi. Muri bo twavuga uwari Minisitiri w’Imari, Marc Rugenera; uwari Visi-Minisitiri w’Intebe, Alexis Kanyarengwe; uwari Minisitiri w’Intebe, Faustin Twagiramungu; uwari Minisitiri wo Gutwara abantu n’Itumanaho, Immaculée Kayumba; uwari uw’Ubutabera, Alphonse-Marie Nkubito; uwari uw’Itangazamakuru, Jean Baptiste Nkuriyingoma; n’abandi.
Ntabwo ari abaminisitiri bonyine bigijweho kuko DMI yifashije Inyumba Aloysia wari Minisitiri w’Iterambere ry’Abagore birukana ababurugumesitiri bose b’Abahutu, hasigara 117 b’Abatutsi gusa, ab’Abahutu 28 bahita berekwa umuryango, nta kindi bazizwa uretse kwitwa Abahutu, bigasobanura ko bakorana n’Abacengezi.
Ubu bwicanyi ntibwishe impunzi gusa kuko Gérard Prunier , mu gitabo cye yise “The Rwanda Crisis and Africa’s World War” yabaze abaturage babarirwa hagati ya 20,000 na 30,000 nabo bishwe, kuko bari hafi y’inkambi cyangwa mu nkambi imbere kuko amasasu atarobanuraga. Undi munyamakuru witwa Johan Pottier yemeje ko byari biguye ko umubare w’abishwe umenyekana kuko abasirikare ba APR bakumiraga itangazamakuru ku buryo bukomeye, kandi uwashoboraga guhatiriza yashoboraga kuhasiga ubuzima.
Nyuma y’ubwicanyi bwa FPR i Kibeho, Abanya-Australia bane bahawe igihembo cyitwa “Medal for Gallantry” kuko babashije kugira abo barokora, hakaba n’abatarishwe kuko FPR yikanze ko isi yose yabimenye. Abo ni Corporal Andrew Miller, Warrant Officer Rod Scott, Lieutenant Thomas Tilbrook na Major Carol Vaughan-Evans. Yandika mu kinyamakuru cya gisirikare cyo muri Australia, Paul Jordan yagize ati: «Mu gihe twari dushoboye gukora akantu gato cyane ngo dutabare abicwaga, ndabyemeza neza ko iyo Abanya-Australia batahaba ngo bateze ubwega, APR iba nta mpunzi n’imwe iba yarasize itishe muri iriya nkambi.»
Imyaka 28 ishize ubu bwicanyi bwa FPR bubaye i Kibeho isize iki mu Rwanda?
Nyuma y’imyaka 28 ubwicanyi ndengakamere FPR yakoreye i Kibeho isize abahiciwe batarabona ubutabera kuko FPR igipfobya ubu bwicanyi ikavuga ko haguye abantu 338 gusa kandi nabo ngo bakaba bari Interahamwe. Isize kandi abagerage kuvugira izi mpunzi bose batakibarizwa mu butegetsi bwa Kagame kuko batarishwe, bahunze igihugu. Isize na none abenshi bijanditse muri ubu bwicanyi ku ruhande rwa FPR byararangiye ibaharutswe, irabica, abandi irabafunga, abandi barayihunga bajya mu mahanga.
Ikindi twavuga gikomeye iyi myaka 28 isize ni uko noneho FPR yahinduye umuvuno itakirasa abantu mu kivunge, ahubwo isegaye ijogora uwirasa, bikavugwa ko yarwanyije inzego z’umutekano cyangwa yirutse. Gusa igiteye inkeke kurusha ibindi ni uko FPR yadukanye intwaro yo kwicisha abaturage inzara nk’igikoresho cya jenoside irimo gukorera Abanyarwanda. Igihe rero ni iki ngo FPR iryose aya mabi yose yakoze mu Rwanda.
FPR, WISHE BENSHI NTA WUBIKUBAZA, GIRA WIGENDERE, NTITUZAGUKUMBURA!
Constance Mutimukeye