ICYEGERANYO “IBYAKOZWE N’INTUMWA : INTUMWA ZAHAGARARIYE IMPANDE ZOMBI MU MASEZERANO Y’AMAHORO Y’ARUSHA ZARENGEYE HE ?” Igice cya mbere
Ku gicamunsi cyo ku wa 04 Kanama 1993 inkuru nziza yatashye mu Rwanda, nyuma y’uko hari hamaze gusinywa amasezerano y’amahoro ya Arusha, hagati ya Guverinoma y’u Rwanda na FPR-Inkotanyi yari yaratangije intambara ku wa 01 Ukwakira 1990, ivuye mu buhungiro, igamije gucyura impunzi.
Aya masezerano yoherejwemo intumwa nyinshi, haba ku ruhande rwa Guverinoma y’u Rwanda, haba no ku ruhande rwa FPR, zimwe zigaragara izindi zikaba zitakigaragara, tukaba twahisemo, mu kiganiro « IBYAKOZWE N’INTUMWA », kubamenyera aho izi ntumwa zarengeye dore ko zakoze akazi katoroshye.
Urugendo izi ntumwa zagenze kugira ngo zigere ku isinywa ry’aya masezerano yasinyiwe i Arusha muri Tanzania, ni rurerure cyane kandi rwari rugizwe n’inzira y’inzitane yuzuyemo amahwa menshi ndetse ba birantega, bituma abenshi barayabonaga icyizere abandi bakayagirira impungenge, ku mpamvu zinyuranye.
Abayagariraga icyizere bumvaga ko agiye gushyira iherezo ku muvuru za politiki no kunga abanyarwanda bari baracitsemo ibice, ndetse no kurangiza ibihe bigoranye u Rwanda rwari rumazemo imyaka ine (4). Ni mu gihe kandi mu Rwanda hari umwuka mubi wari umaze igihe ututumba bitewe n’amashyaka menshi yari amaze kwemerwa, kandi amenshi akaba yari yubakiye ku moko, cyangwa ku myumvire icamo ibice abayagize.
Ku rundi ruhande hari abari bayafitiye impungenge kuko imbwirwaruhame zitandukanye zumvikanaga mu gihugu, aya masezerano ari ibipapuro, nk’uko uwari Perezida Habyarimana Juvénal yabivuze naho Lt. Col. Anathole Nsengiyumva, wari ukuriye ubutasi bwa gisirikare avuga ko “agamije kugurisha igihugu ku banzi”.
Kuri ibi hiyongeraho ko hagombaga gushyirwaho Guverinoma y’Inzibacyuho yaguye bitarenze iminsi 37 aya masezerano asinywe, ariko byakomeje gukururana, kugeza ubwo yarengeje amezi arindwi (7) iyi Guverinoma yari kuyoborwa na Faustin Twagiramungu, wo mu ishyaka rya MDR, nka Minisitiri w’Intebe, itarajyaho, ahubwo iby’aya masezerano birangizwa n’iraswa ry’indege ya Perezida Habyarimana Juvénal, yarashwe ku Gatatu, tariki ya 6 Mata 1994, ahagana saa mbili n’igice z’umugoroba (20h30), hahita hakurikiraho Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, aya masezerano atarashyirwa mu bikorwa.
Mu bibazo bikomeye byari byitezwe gukemurwa n’aya masezerano y’amahoro ya Arusha, harimo icy’impunzi z’abanyarwanda zari zimaze imyaka isaga 30 ziri mu mahanga, nyamara byari byaragaragaye ku Guverinoma yariho ntiyagaragazaga ubushake mu kuzicyura, FPR-Inkotanyi igakomeza kwerekana ko nta mahoro, ubumwe n’ubwiyunge byagerwaho izi mpunzi ziratahuka. Bityo zikaba zaragombaga gutaha nta yandi mananiza, kandi zigatura aho zishaka mu gihugu, nta wuzibangamiye, Leta ikagira inshingano zo gutuza abadafite imitungo.
Kugira ngo impunzi zari zarafashe ubwenegihugu bw’ibindi bihugu kandi bitari byemewe mu Rwanda, amasezerano ya Arusha yakemuye icyo kibazo, yemeza ko umunyarwanda ashobora kugira ubwenegihugu burenze bumwe.
Aya masezerano kandi yari yitezweho isaranganya ry’ubutegetsi hagati ya FPR na MRND ndetse n’andi mashyaka ataravugaga rumwe na Leta arimo MDR, PSD, PL na PDC agahabwa imyanya kandi hagashyirwaho urubuga rusesuye rwo gutanga ibitekerezo. Guverinoma y’inzibacyuho yaguye yagombaga kumara amezi 22, Habyarimana Juvénal akayibera Perezida, agafatanya na Minisitiri w’Intebe wemejwe n’aya masezerano, Twagiramungu Faustin, nyuma igakurikirwa n’amatora, abaturage bakishyiriraho inzego zibanogeye. Iyi nzibacyuho kandi yagombaga kwisunga Itegeko Nsinga ryo mu 1991 ndetse n’aya mazerano ya Arusha.
Aya masezerano kandi yemeje ko amashyaka yose agabana imyanya muri guverinoma, MRND ikagira imyanya
5, FPR ikagira 5, ariko Minisiteri y’Ubuzima n’Ubutegetsi bw’igihugu ntiziburemo. MDR yahawe minisiteri enye
(4) harimo na Minisitiri w’Intebe, PSD na PL zihabwa minisiteri eshatu, eshatu (3) naho PDC ihabwa imwe (1).
Mu nteko Ishinga Amategeko y’inzibacyuho, amashyaka MRND, FPR, PSD, PL na MDR yahawe intebe 11 buri ryose naho PDC igenerwa imyanya ine (4). Ishyaka CDR ryari ryaratsembye ko ritazemera aya masezerano.
Ibi byose abari bashyigiye ubutegetsi bwa Habyarimana ntibabyakiriye neza kuko aya masezerano yari yamwambuye ububasha bwinshi, ibuherereza kuri Guverinoma. Nk’urugero yari yemerewe guhagararira u Rwanda mu ruhando mpuzamahanga, akaba ari nawe ugena abahagarira u Rwanda mu mahanga no kwakira abahagarira amahanga mu Rwanda. Aya masezerano kandi yamugiraga Umugaba Mukuru w’Ikirenga w’Ingabo, ariko ibyemezo bireba ingabo bikabanza kwemerwa n’inama y’abaminisitiri, ndetse amategeko yose mbere yo gusohoka akabanza gusinywaho n’abaminisitiri cyangwa abanyamabanga ba Leta bireba.
Birumvikana rero ko ububasha bwo kwica agakiza bwari burangiye kuko yari acishijwe bugufi mu buryo bugaragara ; kugeza n’ahi ubutumwa yari kujya ageza ku banyarwanda bwagombaga kujya bubanza kwemezwa n’inama y’abaminisitiri ndetse yari yambuwe ububasha bwo gutangaza cyangwa guhagarika intambara, ubu bubasha bwegurirwa Inteko ishinga Amategeko ndetse n’Inama y’abaminisitiri.
Ikindi kibazo cyari ingorabahizi ni ukuvanga ingabo kuko Leta yavugaga ko Ingabo z’u Rwanda zari ibihumbi 30 mu 1993, naho FPR ikaba yarabarirwaga abagera ku bihumbi 13. Muri aba ibihumbi 43 bose bateranye, hagomba kugira abasezererwa, hagasigara gusa ibihumbi 13, biza gusubira irudubi, raporo y’ibanga ya CIA ivuga ko Habyarimana abeshya ahubwo afite abasirikare ibihumbi 17 n’abajandarume ibihumbi 8, bose hamwe bakaba ibihumbi 25.
Ibi rero byari bihatse ikibombe kizaturika vuba cyane kuko amasezerano yateganyiriza u Rwanda ingabo, zitarenga ibihumbi 13, uruhande rwa Habyarimana rugahabwa 60% ni ukuvuga 7,800 naho FPR ikazana 40% bangana na 5,200. Ni ukuvuga ko abari gusezererwa bari kuba barenga ibihumbi 25 barimo aba Leta 22,200 ukurikije imibare yatangwaga na Leta cyangwa 17,200 ukurikije imibare ya CIA. FPR yo yari gutakaza 7,800 bose. Bivuze ko na none gusezerera abantu bangana icya rimwe byari gutera ihurizo rigoye isigura.
Aya masezerano rero yanyuze mu nzira ndende cyane, kandi abera mu bihugu byinshi birimo icyitwaga Zaïre cyaje kwitwa Repubulika iharanira Demokarasi ya Kongo (RDC), u Bufaransa, Ethiopia, ariko aza gusinyirwa muri Tanzania, ahagarariwe n’Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’Afurika (OUA) waje guhinduka Afurika yunze Ubumwe (AU), ariko Tanzania ikomeza kuba umuhuza kugeza ku ndunduro, naho u Burundi n’icyari Zaïre bikomeza kuba indorerezi.
Ku ikubitiro, aya masezerano ya Arusha yabanjirijwe n’ibiganiro byabere i Mwanza muri Tanzania, ku wa 17/10/1990, inama yabereye i Goma ku wa 20/11/1990, n’ayandi umwaka wa 1990 urangira nta kirumvikanwaho ngo iyi ntambara yakomeza guca ibintu mu Burasirazuba no mu Majyaruguru ihagarare.
Hageragejwe uburyo bwinshi bwo gushakira umuti iyi ntambara ariko biba iby’ubusa. Ku wa 17/02/1991, ba Perezida Museveni na Habyarimana bahuriye muri Zanzibar basohora itangazo ko hagomba kubaho ibiganiro. Nyuma y’iminsi ibiri FPR yahise isohora itangazo, ku wa 19/02/1991.
Ku matariki ya 14 na 15 Mutarama 1992, intumwa z’u Rwanda n’iza FPR zarahuye zisobora inyandiko- mvugo y’inama yazihuje, inagaragaza icyo FPR yifuza kugira ngo ihagarike intambara yari yaratangije. Nyuma y’ameziasaga 2, ku wa 20/03/1992 OUA yerekanye inshingano z’Ingabo zidafite aho zibogamiye GOMN.
Leta y’u Rwanda yakomeje gufata ikibazo nk’aho igitezwa na Uganda maze ku wa 22-24/05/1992, Minisiteri y’Ububanyi n’Amahanga n’Ubutwererane (MINAFFET) y’u Rwanda yayoborwa na Boniface Ngulinzira ikorera urugendo muri Uganda , ku wa 26/02/1992, basohora itangazo ariko ntiryagira icyo ritanga.
Bimaze kuyoberana, intumwa z’impande zombi zahurijwe i Paris mu Bufaransa, ku wa 6-8/6/1992, basohora itangazo rihuriwe ryo guhagarika intambara, ariko ntiryashyirwa mu bikorwa. Hashize ukwezi, ku wa 10/07/1992, Minisiteri y’Ububanyi n’Amahanga n’Ubutwererane isohora itangazo i Arusha, yerekana inzira yo kugarura amahoro no kubaka ubumwe bw’igihugu na demokarasi, ariko bihinduka amasigaracyicaro.
Ku wa 12/07/1992 hasohowe itangazo ryumvikanyweho n’intumwa z’impande zombi, Guverinoma y’u Rwanda na FPR, i Arusha, bemerenya ko hagiye kubaho agahenge (Cessez-le-feu), ariko ntacyo naryo ryatanze, ahubwo ku umunsi ukurikiyeho ku wa 13/07/1992, FPR yatanze ibyifuzo byakongerwa mu masezerano yaberye i Gbadolite ku wa 16/09/1991, ahindura kandi yuzuza ayari yarasinyiwe i N’Sélé, ku wa 29/03/1991.
Ibi byatumye ku wa 13/07/1992, saa tatu n’igice z’ijoro (21h30) hasinywa amasezerano yo guhagarika intambara hashingiwe kuri ya masezerano ya N’Sélé tumaze kuvuga; ndetse akurikirwa na raporo ya Komisiyo ihuje inzego za politiki n’iza gisirikare (Commission Politico-Militaire Mixte-CPMM), yateraniye ku cyicaro cya OUA, kuva ku wa 26 kugeza ku wa 30/07/1992. Kuri iyi tariki kandi hashyizweho imirongo ngenderwaho yagombaga gukurikizwa n’Itsinda ry’Indorerezi z’Abasirikare badafite aho babogamiye (Groupe d’Observateurs Militaires Neutres (GOMN), ariko nabyo ntibyagira icyo bitanga.
U Rwanda rwakomeje gupfundapfunda imitwe ngo rurebe ko rwakwigobotora igitutu cya FPR-Inkotanyi, ariko biba iby’ubusa, maze rwigira inama yo gusinyana na Uganda amasezerano y’ubufatanye mu by’umutekano, yasinywe, ku wa Gatandatu, tariki ya 08/08/1992, ariko nayo ntiyabasha guhagarika FPR, ahubwo nyuma gato ihita isohora umushinga ku masezerano w’amahoro mu Rwanda, yerekana ko gusinyana na Uganda ntacyo byari gufasha Habyarimana na Guverinoma ye yari yakoze Memorandum yo ku wa 9-10/08/1992.
Imishikirano yarakomeje, maze ku wa 18/08/1992, impande zombi zisinya amasezerano ajyanye no kubaka igihugu kigendera ku mategeko (État de droit), ariko bigeze ku wa 31/08/1992, Minisitiri w’Ububanyi n’Amahanga n’Ubutwererane w’u Rwanda, Boniface Ngulinzira yandikira Abafaransa abasaba kwinjira mu mishyikirano hagati y’u Rwanda na FPR, yagombaga kubera i Arusha, kuva tariki ya 7 kugeza ku ya
16/09/1992, ariko FPR ntiyabyishimira kuko n’ubundi yashinjaga u Bufaransa kubogamira ku Rwanda, ndetse bwari bwarasabye ko imishyikirano ivanwa muri Zaire ikajyanwa ku mugabane w’u Burayi, ariko FPR irabyanga ahubwo ibiganiro bishingwa OUA, ibijyana muri Tanzania.
Ku wa 04/09/1992, FPR yatanze umushinga wo kureba uko guverinoma y’inzibacyuho yaguye izaba imeze, maze impaka zihinduka urudaca kuko yari yasabye ko muri minisiteri igomba guhabwa hataburamo I’Ubutegetsi bw’Igihugu ndetse n’iy’Ubuzima, ariko birangira uruhande rwa Leta rubyemeye, ndetse ku wa 08/09/2023, umushinga wo kugabana ubutegetsi watanzwe na FPR, uganirwaho, ariko uruhande rwa Leta ruwutangaho ibitekerezo (observations) ku wa 11/09/1992, ariko ntibyakirwa, birangiye wa mushinga uhawe umugisha, usinywaho ku wa 18/09/1992, i Arusha, hakurikiraho raporo ya CPMM i Addis abeba yateranye kuva ku wa 26-29/09/1992, umuhuza nawe atanga umurongo ku wa 13/10/1992.
Umuhuro wa gatatu w’i Arusha wabaye kuva ku wa 22 kugeza ku wa 26/10/1992 wakorewe inyandiko- mvugo, isomwa ku wa 26/10/1992, hagamijwe guhagarika intambara burundu, ariko ukubita igihwereye, ahubwo ku wa 30/10/1992 hasohorwa itangazo ryerekeye igabanwa ry’ubutegetsi ryari ryarumvikanyweho mu biganiro byabaye kuva ku wa 05 kugeza ku wa 30/10/1992; kuri uwo munsi hanasinywa ku masezerano yagenaga uko guverinoma y’inzibacyuhi yaguye izaba iteye, igihe izamara n’abazayiyobora.
Kuva iki gihe nibwo hatangiye kuvugwa cyane kuri Faustin Twagiramungu, wari wemejwe ko azaba Minisitiri w’Intebe w’iyo guverinoma, bituma uwari Minisitiri w’Intebe, Disamas Nsengiyaremye, yandikira Perezida Habyarimana, ku wa 17/11/1992, anenga ibikubiye muri iri gabana ry’ubutegetsi, ndetse hasohorwa itangazo rigenewe abanyamakuru, ku wa 22/12/1992, umwaka wa 1992 urangira utyo, intambara ikirimbanyije.
Umwaka wa 1993 watangiye ushyushye cyane, ndetse ku wa 09/01/1993 hasinywa amasezerano agena uko guverinoma y’inzibacyuho yaguye (Gouvernement de Transition à Base Elargie-GTBE), izaba iteye hashingiwe ku masezerano yari yasinywe ku wa 30/10/1992.
Minisitiri Boniface Ngulinzira mu mezi abiri gusa, yahise yandikira Ambasaderi w’u Bufaransa mu Rwanda, mu nyandiko y’ibanga, ku wa 08/03/1993, amubaza icyo ingabo z’Abafaransa zikimara mu Rwanda, nyuma y’amasezerano ya Dar-el-Salam yo ku wa 05-07/03/1993, ndetse bimuviramo kwirukanwa muri aya masezerano, ashinjwa kugurisha u Rwanda kuri FPR. Kugenda kwe ntibayahagaritse imishyikirano.
Ku wa 19/05/1993 , hasinywe amasezerano asobanura uko FPR izinjizwa muri gendarmerie y’igihugu, ndetse ku wa 30/05/1993, hasinywa amasezerano agamije gusubiza mu byabo no gutuza abahunze imirwano, itangazo risohoka ku wa 09/06/1993.
Karundura y’aya masezerano ya Arusha yasinywe mu mugoroba wo ku wa Kabiri, tariki ya 03/08/1993, maze hasinywa amasezerano ku ngingo zinyuranye n’izisoza ndetse amasezerano asozwa humvikanwa uburyo hazavangwa ingabo ku mpande zombi. Hakurikiyeho kuyasinya yose uko yakabaye ku munsi ukurikiyeho, ku wa 04/08/1993, itariki itazibagirana, maze nyuma y’icyumweru kimwe, Ambasaderi w’u Rwanda mu Bufaransa, ku wa 11/08/1993, yandikira Umuyobozi ushinzwe ibibazo by’Afurika na Madagascar (Directions des Affaires africaines et Malgaches (DAM), amugezaho inyandiko ikubiyemo amasezerano y’amahoro ya Arusha.
N’ubwo aya masezerano yagombaga gushyirwa mu bikorwa, guverinoma y’inzibacyuho ikajyaho bitarenze iminsi 37, uhereye ku wa 04/08/1993, bitigeze biba, ahubwo Perezida Habyarimana akarahira wenyine, ku wa 05/01/1994, nyuma y’amezi 8 aya masezerano yaburijwemo n’iraswa ry’indege ya Perezida Habyarimana, ku wa 06/04/1994, hahita hatangira Jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi, yahagaritswe na FPR, ku wa 04/07/1994.
Birumvikana rero ko uru rugendo rutoroshye rwanyuzwemo n’aya masezerano ya Arusha, kugira asinywe rwagenzwe n’abantu batandukanye, bo mu bihugu bitandukanye, ariko tukaba twabahitiyemo kubacukumburira ngo tumenye aho intumwa zayitabiraga, haba ku ruhande rwa Leta y’u Rwanda, haba no ku ruhande rwa FPR, zarengeye, dore ko zari zigizwe n’ingeri zitandukanye, zirimo abategetsi ba gisivili n’aba gisirikare, bari mu myanya ikomeye, ariko uyu munsi tukaba tutakibabona.
Iyi rero niyo mpamvu nyamukuru mu kiganiro «IBYAKOZWE N’INTUMWA», twashatse kubereka aho buri ntumwa yabaga yatumwe mu mishyikirano yagejeje ku isinywa ry’amasezerano y’amahoro y’Arusha yarengeye. Ntitwirengagije ko hari benshi batakiri muri ubu buzima, abandi bakaba batakiri mu Rwanda.
Ijisho ry’Abaryankuna