ISHUSHO NGARI KU MATEKA Y’U RWANDA, UBWAMI, RUCUNSHU, IMPINDURAMATWARA YO MU 1959.

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(Igice cya I)

IGISOBANURO CY’AMATEKA MURI RUSANGE.

Dushobora kuvuga ko amateka ari:

Ibintu byose byabaye mu gihe cyahise. Bityo tukavuga ko amateka ari uruhererekane rw’imibereho yaranze ubuzima bw’abantu runaka mu gihe cyahise cyaba icya vuba cyangwa icya kera, byaba ibyanditse cyangwa se ibitanditse.
Nanone ku rundi ruhande, Amateka ni isomo: Bityo akaba ukwiga no kwandika ibintu byahise uko byabaye byose, nta kubitandukanya ndetse n’iyo byaba bikomeye kandi bitanoroshye kubyumva. Amateka akunze kwibandwaho ni ay’ibintu byagize icyo bihindura mubuzima bw’igihugu, ni ukuvuga cyane cyane mu mitegekere y’igihugu.

2. Akamaro k’amateka:

Ukurikije ibyo bisobanuro by’amateka, wasanga amateka afite akamaro mu buryo bubiri bw’ingenzi:

Kumenyesha inkomoko y’abantu n’ibintu, n’ibyaranze ubuzima bwabo, abantu bakaba bayiga kugira ngo basobanukirwe igihe cyahise n’isano bafitanye n’abakurambere babo, bikabafasha no kubona ibisobanuro by’ibibera mu gihe barimo.
Ariko kandi ku rundi ruhande amateka afasha abariho gutegura igihe kizaza birinda gusubiramo amakosa yaba yarakozwe n’abakurambere kandi bashingira ibyo bifuza ku rufatiro rw’abababanjirije.

Abanyamateka rero ni abantu bakora umwuga wo kumenya no kumenyesha ibyahise. Uko bagerageza kose uvuga amateka ntihaburamo amarangamutima yabo cyangwa imyumvire yabo akenshi ashingiyek’uburyo bumva Isi n’ubuzima, ariko icyangombwa ni uko uvuga amateka atanga ibimenyetso by’aho yayavanye akirinda gukwirakwiza ibihuha cyangwa ingengabitekerezo ye.

3. UKO ABARYANKUNA BABONA AMATEKA Y’U RWANDA:

U Rwanda ni igihugu gifite amateka maremare yaranzwe n’ibyiza ndetse n’ibibi byinshi, cyane cyane ibishingiye ku miyoborere. Ni byo koko rero ngo byose bipfira mu buyobozi kandi byose bikirira mu buyobozi[1]. Nubwo hari byinshi bitazwi muri ayo mateka, ariko ibizwi bigaragaza ko u Rwanda rwakomeje guhura n’ikibazo cy’ingutu cy’imiyoborere yakomeje kuba mibi, bitewe n’uko abayoboye u Rwanda benshi n’abifuje kuruyobora bakomeje kurangwa no kudakunda igihugu n’Abanyarwanda muri rusange, ahubwo bagashyira imbere inyungu zabo n’imiryango yabo cyangwa se iz’udutsiko bakomokamo, bityo u Rwanda rukomeza kuba ikibuga abitwaje ubuyobozi barwaniramo, abagituye baba ari bo babihomberamo.

Bashingiye ku mpinduramatwara Gacanzigo baharanira, Abaryankuna babona ari ngombwa “gusuzumana ubwitonzi imiterere y’amateka n’umuco by’u Rwanda, ibibazo bibigaragaramo kubigaragaza no kubishakira umuti” ariko ibyo bigakorwa nta kubogama kandi hirindwa ibyo mu mboni y’ubu babonako byakozwe nabi, ariko nanone batekereza cyangwa bategura uko bakosora ingaruka zabyo mu kubaka ejo hazaza heza.
Kubera ko amateka ari ikintu cyabayeho, umuntu yavuga ko ari « fact historique » nko kuvuga “Ikintu cyabayeho tudashobora guhindura”. Bityohari ibintu umunani umuntu akwiriye gusuzuma mu gihe yiga Amateka,mu rwego rwo kuyumva neza no kwirinda amarangamutima.

Ibyo ni : Ikintu cyabaye, igihe cyabereye, aho icyo kintu cyabereye,uburyo icyo kintu cyakozwemo, inkomoko cyangwa se icyatumye icyo kintu kiba, abantu bakigizemo uruhare, ingaruka zacyo hamwe n’amazina cyangwa inyito gihabwa n’abakivugaho.

4. IMBOGAMIZI ABARYANKUNA BABONA MU MATEKA Y’U RWANDA

Bikunda kuvugwa ko amateka y’u Rwanda yakomeje gukoreshwa no kugorekwa n’abategetsi bayifashisha bashaka kwirata, kwitaka no gutesha agaciro abo batsinze, bityo dusanga ari byiza kurebera hamwe imbogamizi ziboneka mu mateka y’u Rwanda muri rusange.

Kutabasha gutandukanya AMATEKA, IBITEKEREZO N’IBIGENEKEREZO:

Kugeza n’ubu biragoye gutandukanya amateka(ibintu byabayeho koko), ibigenekerezo(ibintu byabayeho ariko bitazwi neza, icyakora bikavugwa hongerwamo cyangwa hakurwamo bimwe hashingiwe ku marangamutima n’imyumvire by’ababivuga), n’ibitekerezo(ibintu bitabayeho ariko byahimbiwe kwigisha abantu no gushakira ibisobanuro ubuzima n’igihugu). Ingero: nk’ibya GIHANGA n’abasekuruza be bitwa abami b’Ibimanuka, hari benshi bavuga ko ari ibitekerezo, kuko babona bitarabayeho, ahubwo byahimbiwe gusobanura inkomoko y’ubutegetsi bw’Abanyiginya, ariko hari n’abavuga ko ari amateka mbese ko byabayeho uretse ko hari n’ababifata nk’ibigenekerezo. Ibindi bifatwa gutyo ni nk’ibya NDABAGA, NGUNDA n’ibindi.

KUGARAGAZA IBY’UBUTEGETSI GUSA, IBYA RUBANDA NTIBIGARAGAZWE (ABATEGETSI/ABAMI N’ABAPEREZIDA).

Nubwo hari impamvu nyinshi zibitera, usanga akenshi iyo amateka y’u Rwanda avugwa hagaragazwa iby’abategetsi gusa, ibyo muri rubanda ntibigarukweho. Mu ngorane nyinshi ibi biteza harimo no kutabasha gutandukanya abategetsi n’igihugu, ahubwo nyine igihugu kigakomeza kuba abategetsi n’abategetsi bagahinduka igihugu. Ibi nanone bituma uruhare rw’abaturage mu byiza igihugu cyagezeho bitagaragazwa ariko nanone amakosa bakoze nayo ntagaragazwe ahubwo byose bikaba iby’abategetsi.

Urugero: Ni gute umuryango umwe w’Abanyiginya cyangwa se uw’Abasinga wategetse indi yose, bikaba nk’ihame, kandi ari imiryango mito ugereranyije n’indi miryango myinshi isigaye? Nanone kandi usanga abo mu yindi miryango baragaragaraga muri zimwe mu nzego z’ubutegetsi nk’Abagabekazi, Abiru n’Abacurabwenge, Abatware, Ingabo n’izindi nzego nkuko n’ubu abo mu miryango itadnukanye wabasanga muri za minisiteri, inzego z’ibanze, iz’igisirikare n’igipolisi n’izindi? Ese abaturage bo ubwo nta ruhare baba bagira mu buzima bw’igihugu by’umwihariko mu miyoborere yacyo, wenda bakora ibyo batagombaga gukora, cyangwa se badakora ibyo bagomba gukora nk’uko n’ubu hari ababona FPR izambya ibintu bakicecekera cyangwa se bakayitiza umurindi? Ese ubu ibya FPR nibisubirwamo urwo ruhare rw’abaturage ruzirengagizwe? Usibye no kureba ibibi tunarebye ku byiza bigerwaho n’abategetsi twavuga ko ari bo ubwabo babyigezaho nta ruhare n’ubufatanye by’abaturage? Niba bihari se kuki bikunda kwirengagizwa?

GUTANDUKANYA UBWAMI, REPUBULIKA NA DEMOKARASI.

Kugeza n’ubu, gutandukanya cyangwa guhuza ubwami (ubutegetsi bw’umuntu n’umuryango) na demokarasi (ubutegetsi bukorera abaturage) biragoye. Bitekerezwa ko mu bwami nta demokarasi ishoboka. Kubera uko demokarasi na repubulika bikunda guhuzwa cyane, bifatwa nkaho mu buyobozi bwa cyami hadashobora kubamo demokarasi (nk’ubutegetsi bwa cyami bushyira imbere inyungu za rubanda)ariko ku rundi ruhande bimaze kumenyerwa ko muri Repubulika akenshi ihuzwa na demokarasi, ushobora gusanga nta demokarasi irangwamo nkuko binameze ubu mu Rwanda, nubwo imiterere ya repubulika turimo ubu yakwibazwaho byinshi kuko usibye kuba abaturage batabasha kwitorera uwo bashaka, n’inyungu zabo akensi usanga zidashyirwa imbere. Noneho ukibaza niba turi muri repubulika, ubwami cyangwa se demokarasi? Ibinabyo biteza ingorane yo kutabona ibyiza byaba byarabaye mu bwami, ahubwo bwose bugafatwa nabi muri rusange.

KUTABASHA GUTANDUKANYA BURI MUNTU UKWE, BURI KINTU UKWACYO, HASUZUMWA IBYIZA N’IBIBI BWITE/GATOZI (STEREOTYPE/SINGLE STORY).

Kugeza ubu abanyapolitiki bavuga amateka y’u Rwanda bakunda kuba bamwe babogamira ku bwami cyangwa kuri repubulika. Bigatuma ubogamiye kubwami abona abategetsi muri repubulika bose n’ibyo bakoze ari bibi, ubogamiye ku baperezida nawe akabona abami bose n’ubwami bwabo nk’ibintu bibi cyane. Ntihabe kubihuza byose ngo kuri buri ruhande hashakwemo ibyiza n’ibibi byaba ibishingiye kuri izo nkorane (systems) cyangwa ku bantu ku giti cyabo babigizemo uruhare. Ingero: abami bose ni beza, cyangwa se abami bose ni babi. Abaperezida bose ni beza, cyangwa se ni babi. Ibi nanone bigendana no guhuza ubwami n’abiswe Abatutsi naho repubulika (n’impinduramatwara ya 1959 n’ubwigenge bwa 1962) bihuzwa n’Abiswe Abahutu. Ibi hari n’ubwo bituma uwumva ko ari mu kiswe ubwoko bw’Abahutu yakwibona cyane muri repubulika akaba yanabifana (gushyigikira hatitawe ku byiza cyangwa ibibi rimwe na rimwe ibibi bikirengagizwa nkana), bityo n’uwumva ko ari mu kiswe ubwoko bw’Abatutsi akaba yakibona cyane mu bwami hatitawe ku byiza n’ibibi byaranze ubwo butegetsi.

INTEGO YO KWIGA AMATEKA

Intego zo kwiga amateka nazo by’umwihariko amateka y’u Rwanda zikwiriye gusubirwamo. Kuko usibye abanyapolitiki bayifashisha muri propaganda zabo cyane cyane iza teranya utegeke n’izo kwikanyiza, usanga na rubanda rusanzwe ruyiga ngo rumenye uko guhemukirana mu banyarwanda kwagenze, uwahemukiye kanaka, nyirabayazana w’ibibazo runaka, ibihamya by’ukuntu dutandukanye n’ibindi. Kwiga amateka Si ugusubira mu byahise, si ukongera kubikora uko byagenze, si ugufana ibyabaye, ahubwo byari bikwiriye kuba kubimenya ngo bidufashe gutegura ahazaza hirindwa amakosa yakozwe mbere, n’ibyagize akamaro bigashingirwaho. Nkuko Albert Einstein yabivuze“Ntidushobora gukosora amakosa twakoze, dukoresheje imyumvire twakoresheje tuyakora[2]” gusubira mu mateka byakabaye uburyo bwo kumenya aho twatsindiwe n’icyabiteye, hagafatwa ingamba zo kubyirinda kurusha uko byaba uburyo bwo guhangana.

5. AMWE MU MATEKA Y’U RWANDA (FACTS HISTORIQUES) :

Uko amateka y’u Rwanda atangira ntibivugwa kimwe n’abantu bose.

Bitewe n’uko nkuko byumvikana amateka y’u Rwanda ari maremare bitewe n’igihe kirenga imyaka 3000 gishize u Rwanda rwubakwa[3], nyamara bitewe na cya kibazo twavuze cy’uko amateka y’u Rwanda ahanini avugwa hagaragazwa iby’ubutegetsi gusa, usanga mu buvangazo nyemvugo bwabwiwe Alexis Kagame n’abandi banyaburayi banditse ku mateka y’u Rwanda mu kinyejana cya 19 na 20 bugaragaza iby’ubwami bw’Abanyiginya gusa, bukanakomoza gato ku bwami bw’Abasinga ubwo bw’Abanyiginya bwasimbuye. Ibi rero biteza ikibazo gikomeye mu gusobanukirwa iby’imiturirwe y’aho u Rwanda ruri ubu. Usibye n’icyo ariko, izina u Rwanda ubwaryo naryo akenshi rihuzwa n’isirimuka ryazanywe n’Abanyiginya, nubwo Ururimi rw’Ikinyarwanda rwo bigaragara ko rwari ruhari na mbere y’ubwo butegetsi bw’Abanyiginya.

Nka Padiri Alexis Kagame (ahanini utubwira ibyo ku butegetsi bw’Abanyiginya gusa) avuga ko u Rwanda rwabanje guturwa n’Abatwa, hagakurikiraho Abahutu nyuma hakaza Abatutsi[4]. Ni uko yabonaga ibintu hakabaho n’ababona ibintu kimwe nawe. K’urundi ruhande hariho abandi bantu basubiye mu mateka y’u Rwanda bakabona ko ibyiswe amoko Hutu, Tutsi na Twa byaje mu kinyejana cya 13 cyangwa cya 14, icyakora bikagenda bihindurwa ibisobanuro uko ibihe byagiye biha ibindi kugeza ku bukoloni, muri abo habamo Gerard Niyomugabo n’abandi.

Abo bose ni Abanyarwanda, ko batabona ibintu kimwe ntibyakwiye kubagira abanzi. Ni ngombwa guharanira ko buri ngengabiterezo ihabwa umwanya kuko kutumva ibintu kimwe si ikibazo, ahubwo ni amahirwe yo kwihugura cyangwa kunguka ibitekerezo. Abaryankuna babona ko u Rwanda rutigeze rubura abarwanyi (abashaka guhangana) ahubwo ko rwabuze abafite ibitekerezo byo kurwubaka bashyize inyungu rusange imbere. Kubw’izo mpamvu ku mateka, Abaryankuna batanga ibitekerezo byabo mu rugendo rwo kungurana ibitekerezo, kwakira ibitekerezo by’abandi no kuvugurura imyumvire yabo igihe ari ngombwa.

5.1 UBWAMI

Mu mateka yose y’isi,Abaryankuna babona ubwami hafi ya bwose bwararanzwe n’ibi bilurikira:

Ubwami bugendera ku bushake bw’umwami uri hejuru ya byose kandi ya bose.
Ubwami buragwa uwo umwami ashaka cyane cyane uwo mu muryango by’umwihariko umwana we (ku mubiri cyangwa mu bya roho) nkuko na Yezu yarazwe ubwami akagirwa umwana w’Imana). Ibi ariko nubwo ubu bidakwiriye ariko si mubantu gusa byabaga no mu mana ngo niko bimeze no mu zindi nyamaswa (intare ivukana ubutware kuko ivuka ku ntare).

5.1.1. Ubutegetsi bwa cyami

Kuvuga ko habayeho igihe cyo kubaka no kwagura u Rwanda nk’igihugu hakoreshejwe umuheto n’ubundi bwenge cyangwa se andi mayeri bikagera aho u Rwanda rwose ruyoborwa n’Umwami uganje ufite ububasha bw’ikirenga, bakubaka uburyo(codes) bw’uruhererekane bw’ubutegesti, maze umwami yatanga (yapfa) agaha umwemubana be, Abaryankuna basanga ari fact historique idasubirwaho.

Nkuko bigaragara mu mateka, ubwami mu Rwanda bwamaze igihe kirekire, ndetse kugeza ubu birakomeye kumenye igihe bwatangiriye. Gusa ikigaragara umuntu yabushyira mu byiciro bibiri bikuru.

Ubwami bwiswe ubw’Abasinga b’Abasangwabutaka.
Ubwami bw’Abanyiginya.

Ubu bwami bw’Abanyiginya (ari nabwo buzwi cyane mu Rwanda) nabwo bwashyirwa mu byiciro bitatu bikuru:

Abami b’Ibimanuka (kuva kuri Kigwa kugera kuri Kazi ari we se wa Gihanga)
Abami b’umushumi (Kuva kuri Gihanga kugera kuri Kirima I Rugwe
Abami b’ibitekerezo kuva kuri Kigeli I Mukobanya kugera kuri Kigeli IV Ndahindurwa.

Muri aba bami b’Ibitekerezo nabo bashobora gushyirwa mu byiciro bine cyangwa bitanu ugendeye ku rukurikirane rw’amazina bahabwaga ashingiye ku nshingano bagombaga gukora, ari nabyo byagenaga uko bitwara.

Cyirima/Mutara
Kigeli
Mibambwe
Yuhi

5.1.2 Ibyiza Ubwami bwaraze u Rwanda

Kubaka u Rwanda rutari ruriho, bakarushyiraho.
Ahantu (nubwo ahantu hariho ariko ntihitwaga Rwanda).
Ibintu (N’ibintu birumvikana ntibyari iby’i Rwanda)
Abantu (Nabo ni uko)
Ukuntu (umuco watumye igihugu kiba u Rwanda, ukanahuza ibyo byose bivuzwe hejuru).
Kubaka umuco nyarwanda mu mwuzuro wawo
Imyumvire
Indangagaciro
Kirazira
Ubuyobozi
Uburezi
Umurimo
Uburyo bwo gucyemura ibibazo
Icyunamo cya Gicurasi
Guca inzigo
Umuganura
Amajyambere

5.1.3 Ibibi Ubwami bwaraze u Rwanda

Kuva mu gihe cy’ubuhigi n’ubutoratozi (ubutwa), bakajya mu buhinzi n’ubworozi (Ubuhutu), inka n’ubworozi (Ubututsi) n’ingoma (Ubwami) kugeza kuri perezida n’ibendera (Repubulika n’ibyazanye nayo).

Gusumbanisha abantu (abagabo basumba abagore, imiryango yagenewe kuyobora n’indi yagenewe kuyoboka),
Ubutegetsi bushingiye ku muntu n’abo ashaka gusa, cyane cyane hakurikijwe imiryango n’amoko bakomokamo (kuvangura).
Gutangiza intambara umunyarwanda arwana n’umunyarwanda ahanini ishingiye ku kurwanira ubutegetsi (ibi turaza kubigarukaho),
Inkorane y’ubuyobozi idakomeye kuko itari ihuriweho n’Abanyarwanda bose cyangwa ngo bose bayigiremo uruhare, bikaba byari binoroshye kurwana bapfa ubutegetsi.
Ubutegetsi butareba umuntu nk’umuntu ku giti cye, ahubwo amakosa yakozwe n’uwo mu muryango runaka akaba yahanishwa igihano kigera no kubandi batayakoze, bazize gusa ko ari abo mu muryango umwe na kanaka. Urugero ni urwo ku ngoma ya Ruganzu I Bwimba aho yaciye iteka ko Abasingakazi batazongera kuba abagabe kazi, bitewe n’uko umugabekazi we Nyiraruganzu Nyakanga yanze ko umuraza we atabarira u Rwanda, bigatuma Bwimba abyikorera we na mushiki we Robwa. Bwimba asiga aciye iryo teka ko nta Musingakazi uzasubira kuba umugabekazi mu butegetsi bw’Abanyiginya. Igitangaje ni uko Ruganzu II Ndoli nawe yajekuvuguruza iryo teka akabasubizaho agendeye ku bikorwa Nyirarumaga nawe wari umusingakazi yamukoreye mu ntambara ye, akanemeza ko Abasingakazi bazakomeza kuba abagabekazi. Ibi byerekana ikintu ubu kitafatwa neza ahubwo cyaba nk’akarengane kuri bamwe cyangwa se itonesha ku bandi.

5.2 UKURWANIRA UBUTEGETSI KU NGOMA YA CYAMI

Mu mateka y’ubwami bw’Abanyiginya, hagaragayemo kurwanira ubutegetsi kenshi na kenshi ahanini bitewe no gusubiranamo kw’abakomoka ku mwami bagahindura cyangwa bakica code bagenderagaho mu gushyiraho umwami maze hagatangira ubwami bundi. Ibi byabaye ku gihe cya Ndahiro Cyamatare, biba ku ngoma ya Rwogera agiye gusimburwa kuko imana zari zereye Sizisoni waje kuba Kigeli IV Rwabugiri na Nyamwesa, ariko hakaza gutoranwa Sezisoni, bituma Nyamwesa na murumuna we Nyamahe bahungira i Burundi, bakagaruka nyuma y’igitero cya mbere cyo ku Ijwi bagahita bicwa na Kigeli kubera kwikanga ko bazamwambura ubutware[5]. Nubwo hano hatabayeho intambara yeruye ngo ihitane benshi, ariko bigaragara ko kwicana barwanira ubutegetsi byari bihari. Byongeye kugaragara rero ku Rucunshu, yaje no kuba intandaro yo gushegeshwa n’Ubukoloni bwasanze u Rwanda mu manegeka y’ubuyobozi.Intambara yo ku Rucunshu nayo Abaryankuna basanga ari fact historique idasubirwaho. Ni amateka.

[1]John Maxwell, 21 Irrefutable Laws of Leadership, page 134

[2]We can not solve our problems using the same mind we used when we created them.

[3]Niyomugabo Gerald, Inzira y’Abanyarwanda kuva Bahiga kugeza Bahigana, page 30, agaragaza iby’ubushakashatsi bwatahuwe mu bisigaratongo (Archeology/Anthropology), bigaragaza ko aho u Rwanda ruri ubu hakorwaga imyuga itandukanye (ubuhinzi, ubworozi, ububumbyi, ubucuzi, gushongesha ubutare n’indi) mu kinyejana cya 3-7 mbere y’ivuka rya Yezu.

[4]Inganji Kalinga, page 23-39

[5] Ingoma ya Kigeli Rwabugili na Nyirayuhi Kanjogera, page 28