ISHUSHO NGARI KU MATEKA Y’U RWANDA, UBWAMI, RUCUNSHU, IMPINDURAMATWARA  YO MU 1959.

Igice cya II

5.3 INTAMBARA YO KU RUCUNSHU

5.3.1 Inkomoko

Intambara yo ku Rucunshu ituruka ku izungurwa ry’umwami KIGELI IV Rwabugili, aho abavandimwe barwanye hagakorwa amahano akomeye cyane.

Hano hari ibyo Abaryankuna bafata nk’amakosa yakozwe icyo gihe akaba intandaro y’amahano ya Rucunshu.

• Guhitamo Rutarindwa nk’Umwami

Ikosa rya mbere, Umwami KIGELI IV Rwabugili, ni iryo kuzungurwa ku Ngoma n’umwana washidikanywagaho ko ari uwe. Bivugwa ko MIBAMBWE IV Rutarindwa atari  umwana wa KIGELI IV Rwabugili bwite, ahubwo ko yari uwa GACINYA ka RWABIKA mwene Yuhi GAHINDIRO, kandi ubwiru bwaravugaga ko Umwami ari we ugomba kubyara undi mwami, bukongeraho ko umwami yibyaraho umwami umwe. Rutalindwa yari umwuzukuru wa Gahindiro, ntabwo yari umwana w’Umwami uri ku ngoma.

• Kwimika umuzungura w’ingoma mbere yo gutanga

Ikosa rya kabiri, ryagaragaye mu guhitamo umuzungura we ku ngoma. Akamutangaza mbere y’uko atanga. Umwami MIBAMBWE IV Rutarindwa yari yarimanye na se akiriho kuwa 22 Ugushyingo 1889, kandi ubwiru butabyemera, uwo muhango wari ugenewe gusa Abami bitwaga ba CYILIMA na MUTARA.

• Guhitamo umugabekazi w’umutsindirano utemewe n’ubwiru

Ikosa rya gatatu, ni uko Umwami MIBAMBWE IV Rutarindwa, yahawe umugabekazi w’umutsindirano KANJOGERA w’ubwoko bw’abega butari ubwa Nyina. Ndetse KANJOGERA yari afite umwana w’umuhungu w’Umwami KIGELI IV Rwabugili ariwe Musinga. Ubwiru ntibwabyemeraga, kuko umugabekazi w’umutsindirano yagombaga kuba ari uwo mu bwoko bumwe n’ubwa Nyina w’umwami wimye ingoma, kandi akagomba kuba adahekeye Umwami Umwana w’umuhungu.

• Kumena amabanga y’ubwiru

Ikosa rya Kane, Umwami Kigeli IV Rwabugili, yatumye basaza ba Kanjogera KABARE na RUHINANKIKO bamenya ubwiru, kandi bitemewe, ntiyagize ibanga nk’Umwami wari wizewe n’abiru bose. Yavuze ibijyanye n’isimburwa rye mbere ndetse n’umugabekazi. Byatumye bitegura kare icyo bazakora umunsi yatanze. Ibyo byatumye babuganirira abandi, icyo cyari ikizira gikomeye mu Rwanda.

• Gusuzugura ibyemezo by’Abiru mu gihe cy’izungura ry’Ingoma.

Ibi byose Abiru babibwiye Umwami KIGELI IV Rwabugili yanga kubumva. Bavuga ko yaba yarabitewe n’uko yakundaga inzoga cyane n’abagore bigatuma ashukwa na benshi. Ibyo bituma, Umwiru mukuru witwaga BIBENGA ahitamo kuva i Bwami avuga ko atazongera kubonana n’Umwami KIGELI IV Rwabugili, agana iwe ababaye cyane ntiyagaruka. Avuga ngo «Ntiyaba umwiru w’Umwami w’uburiganya.». Umwami KIGELI IV Rwabugiri abyumvise ahagarika umutima amutumaho intumwa ngo azibwire icyo atekereza ku iyimikwa rya Rutalindwa. Bibega yahise abwira intumwa ngo zibwire Umwami Kigeli IV Rwabugili ziti :  “Mbere wari Kigeli cya Rwogera, none ubu uri Kimali cya Rurenge”. Uyu Kimali yakoze amakosa ku ngoma ye bituma ingoma y’ Abarenge ihirima, ifatwa n’u Rwanda.

• Icyo ubwiru bwateganyaga iyo ingoma zibyaye amahari.

Ubwiru bwavugaga ko iyo ingoma zibyaye amahari, urwo aba ari urubanza ruba rusumba abantu,bakaruharira Imana. Icyo gihe baburanira Imana bakoresheje imiheto, uwo Imana yemeye agatsinda.

• Ingaruka

Dushobora kuvuga ko intambara yo ku rucunshu yasize inzigo hagati y’Abega n’Abanyiginya, nubwo iyo nzigo atari muri iyo miryango igarukira gusa. Kuko yageze no mu biru kandi abenshi bakomokaga mu yindi miryango, ariko nanone ntawakwirengagiza ko ari Musinga wimitswe nyuma y’iyo ntambara yari Umunyiginya na Rutarinda akaba undi, ndetse bigaragara ko Abega n’Abanyiginya bakomeje gukorana mu bwami, ntabwo byabatandukanyije mu mikorere yabo.

Icya kabiri twavuga gikomeye ni uko iyi ntambara yashegeshe uburyo bw’imiyoborere, gutesha agaciro umwami n’ubwiru, gutwika ibirango by’ubutegetsi n’ibindi, bigashyiramo icyuho cyoroherereje abakoloni kujegeza u Rwanda.

Icya gatatu yabaye urugero rubi rwo kudakunda igihugu ahubwo hagashyirwa imbere inyungu z’abantu bamwe n’agatsiko.

5.4 UBUKOLONI

Kuvuga ko u Rwanda rwakoronijwe imyaka igera kuri 60 aho rwabanje gukolonizwa n’Abadage, bamara gutsindwa mu ntambara ya mbere y’isi yose umuryango w’abibumbye ukabambura u Rwanda rukaragizwa u Bubiligi, nabyo ni fact idahinduka, ni amateka.

Abakoloni bageze mu Rwanda mu mwaka wa 1897, bagendeye ku makimbirane yari hagati y’Abanyarwanda bubaka ubutegetsi bwabo. Bagendeye ku makimbirane yari hagati ya Musinga n’abari bataramuyobotse kubera uburyo yagiye ku ngoma, bagendeye ku nyito gakondo y’ibyiciro by’Abanyarwanda ari zo: Abahutu, Abatwa n’Abatutsi babihindura amoko (byabaje guhuzwa na race, ariko nyuma barabihindura babonye ko bikabije, babyita ethnie) banabishakira ibihamyabyabo (nko gupima uburebure bw’amazuru, no kubigira ibintu byo mu maraso maze babishyira mu Ibuku/indangamuntu y’icyo gihe) bacukura icyobo hagati yabo bagamije kwimakaza rya hame ryabo rya Teranya utegeke. Abakoloni bagendeye ku nyungu zabo bwite, bashyigikiye uruhande rumwe rw’Abanyarwanda, bagamije inyungu zabo zo kuguma mu Rwanda nyuma bashyigikira urundi n’ubundi muri izo nyungu. Bigaragarira abantu benshi ko Abakoloni bagiye k’uruhande rwabayobora buri gihe : Abami, Abaparmehutu, AbaMRND, na FPR. Ikibabaje ni uko Abanyarwanda bamwe bakomeje guhangana n’abandi banyarwanda bakiyambaza Abazungu aribo bafite uruhare mu mahano yahekuye u Rwanda.

5.5 IMPINDURAMATWARA (REVOLUTION)YO MURI 1959

Bitewe n’abavuga amateka, byinshi mu byabaye muri 1959 ntibabihurizaho. Ibyo badahurizaho cyane cyane ni inyito yabyo, abagize uruhare n’urwo ruhare urwo arirwo, hamwe n’ingaruka byagize. Ibyo ariko nabyo ni ngombwa ko uwiga amateka abireba byose. Umuntu afashe ingingo ku ngingo mu ngingo umunani (ziri mu gice cya mbere) dusuzumiramo amateka akareba, twabifata gutya :

1. Amazina

Izina abantu baha ibyabaye muri 1959 ntirikunze guhurizwaho. Ibyo byerekana ikigero cy’ubumenyi ababivuga babifiteho, uretse ko hari n’ubwo byerekana uruhande ababivuga baherereyeho, ari nabyo  bigendana n’amarangamutima ya buri wese. Ariko habaho inyito yemejwe. Iyo twakwita “narratif officiel ». Ibyabaye muri 1959 bamwe babyita “Coup d’etat” kuko havanyweho umutegetsi wagiyeho hakurikijwe uburyo bwari busanzwe bwemewe. Ariko iyo nyito abandi ntibayemera kubera ko uwo bavanyeho atari “chef d’etat”, ahubwo yari umwami kandi ntiyasimbujwe undi mwami. Abo batayemera bakoresha icyahindutse narratif officiel babyita Revolution sociale ya 1959.

1. Igihe

Umwaka byabayemo twavuga ko ari 1959 (-1962), nubwo inkundura yabyo yaba yaratangiye mbere gato.

1. Ahantu

Aho byabereye ni mu Rwanda (Umuntu ushatse yakongeraho hagati (au centre) mu Rwanda, icyahoze ari Gitarama.

1. Kubirebana no kuba byarahinduye ubuzima

Ibintu byabaye muri 1959 (bigakomeza bikageza muri 1962) byahinduye imibereho y’Abanyarwanda bose (mu buryo bumwe cyangwa ubundi), bihindura ubutegetsi n’imitegekere byariho. Kugeza uyu munsi Abanyarwanda benshi bemera ko byabaye ndetse n’abashoboye kugera kubutegetsi bosebakomeje kugerageza kugendera ku mahame agenga Repubulika, nubwo hari aho byakomeje kunanirana ku ngingo zimwe na zimwe. Urugero twanga ni uko FPR itera muri 1990, hari abavuze ko igiye kugarura ubwami, kandi bari bafite impamvu zumvikana zo kubitekereza gutyo, ariko umwami wavanyweho muri 1959 yaguye ishyanga nyuma y’imyaka irenga 25 FPR itamucyuye byibuze ngo imutuze iwe. Ikindi ni uko mu ndirimbo zubahiriza igihugu zose kuva 1959 bazanamo icyo gikorwa cyo guhindura imitegekere u Rwanda rukaba Repuburika yigenga n’ibirango byose by’uburegetsi bikaba bigendanye n’ibya repubulika.

1. Abakigizemo uruhare

Iyi niyo ngingo ndende kandi igora mu kwiga amateka y’u Rwanda kuko ireba uruhare rwa buri wese kandi akenshi bamwe ntibemera uruhare rwabo. Abatsinze bashaka kwandika amateka abaha ishema bakiyitirira ibyiza maze ibibi bakabyitirira abatsinzwe ariko amateka nyamateka aba abakeneye bose.

Muri 1959, ab’ingenzi twavuga ni abari bari hejuru mu butegetsi aribo: Umwami n’abagaragu be, hamwe n’abakoloni. Umwami yarengeraga inyungu ze ashaka kuguma kubutegetsi abagaragu be bashaka gukomeza kubyubahirwa ndetse n’abo ingoma yagab(ur)iye bashakaga gukomeza gukira bakanumva umuntu wese utabyumva bamuhanisha uburenganzira bafite.Nyuma y’umwami haza abakoloni kuko nibo bari basangiye ubutegetsi. Abakoloni nibo abantu benshi bavuma ariko nabo tugomba kureba inyungu bari bafite muri ibyo. Ababiligi bari barahawe u Rwanda nk’umunyago nyuma yo gutsinda Abadage. Umwami Musinga yari yarafashije Ubudage mu ntambara y’Isi. Ni ukuvuga ko Ababiligi batari inshuti y’ubwami bwo mu Rwanda. Bakoranye nabwo bugifite imbaraga ariko igihe baboneye urwaho bagendaga babuca intege.

Ni ukuvuga ngo Ababiligi bakoranaga n’ubutegetsi buriho  igihe bwari buborohereza kugera kunyungu zabo ariko bagashyigikira ko havuka ubundi igihe bakeka ko ubwo butegetsi bushya buzasigasira inyungu zabo. Ntawashidikanya ko na n’ubu bashobora gushyigikira uwo babona afite ahazaza (future) hateza imbere inyungu zabo.  K’Umwami n’Umukoloni hiyongeraho abiswe Abahutu b’impirimbanyi (abandi babita intagondwa) barwaniraga ko ibintu bihinduka.

Gukorera Umwami cyangwa umutware, wagaruka ukajya gukorera amafaranga uriha umusoro w’abakoloni byateraga inzara bamwe mu Banyarwanda bakabura umwanya wo kwiyitaho. Uretse no mu Rwanda, hari n’ahandi henshi mu bindi bihugu Ubutegetsi bwa Cyami bwamaganywe, nkuko hari ibihugu ubwo butegetsi bwa cyami bukirimo. Umwihariko w’u Rwanda, wenda gusa n’uwu Burundi, bitewe ni uko uburyo ubwami bwahujwe n’abiswe Abatutsi, ndetse na Revolution igasa nk’aho ihuzwa n’Abiswe Abahutu (intambara y’ibyiswe amoko biciye mu butegetsi). Noneho hakaremwa inzigo hagati y’ayo matsinda yombi bigahuzwa n’ubutegetsi.

5.5.1 Ingaruka n’impinduka byagize

Duhereye ku cyo twabona nk’ingaruka mbi, hapfuye abantu nk’uko muri Revolution nyinshi bigenda. Abanyarwanda bamwe barahunze. Abatsinze bariraye nabo ntibaca bugufi kimwe n’uko abahunze bumvaga kugaruka bataje gutegeka bidashoboka. Ni ukuvuga ngo barakomeje barahangana. Ntabwo Revolution yatumye banywana ntan’ubwo yashoboye kubunga. Kayibanda yanze kwiruka inyuma y’umwami wavanyweho n’abaturage, umwami nawe yifuza kugaruka akiri umwami. Abakoloni bo bahinduye umwambaro, ibyari ubukoloni (colonialisation bihinduka ubukoloni bushya“neo colonialisation”.

Ariko nanone ntabwo ingaruka zabaye mbi gusa, hari n’ibyiza byagezweho nko gushyira iherezo ku mitegekere ya cyami yari ifite ibibi biyivugwaho nkuko twabigaragaje, no kutwinjiza muri Repubulika hagabanywa ubukana bw’ubukoloni bw’icyo gihe.

Abaryankuna tubona ko muri 1959 habayeho revolution no mu mwaka wo mu  1962 u Rwanda rugahabwa ubwigenge.

5.6 REPUBULIKA

Ubuyobozi bushingiye kuri Repubulika bwaje mu Rwanda nyuma ya revolution yo muri 1959 mu mwaka wa 1962. Iyi Repubulika yari ikimenyetso cy’uko u Rwanda ruvuye mu mitegekere ya cyami, igashyira iherezo ku bukoloni, ariko nanone igaha abaturage uburenganzira bwo kwitorera ababayobora. Muri rusange ntawavuga ko nta kamaro byagize, kuko hari ibyagezweho wenda mu buryo butuzuye nkuko byakwifuzwa ubu, ariko hari ibyagezweho. Ariko ku rundi ruhande bigaragara ko izo Repubilika zavanyeho akarengane zimika akandi karengane ndetse n’intambara umunyarwanda arwana n’umunyarwanda irushaho gufata intera. Byose bishingiye ku cyiswe amoko cyangwa ku karere umuntu avukamo, uwavukiye hanze y’igihugu cyangwa mu Rwanda, uwahunze cyangwa utarahunze… Muri make nta Repubilika n’imwe yashoboye kubaka ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda.

6. ICYO TWAKONGERAMO

U Rwanda kuri aya magingo rwayobowe n’ubutegetsi bushingiye ku ngoma ya Cyami n’ubutegetsi bushingiye kuri Repubulika. Kuva ku ngoma ya Rutarindwa na Musinga, kugeza kuri Rudahigwa na Kigeli ukagera ku mpinduramatwara (revolution ya 1959), ubukoloni bwivanze kandi bugira uruhare mumitegekere y’icyo gihe kugeza muri 1962 aho u Rwanda rwaboneye ikiswe ubwigenge bwanarwinjije muri repubulika. Uko ni ko habayeho Répubulika. Abayoboye u Rwanda mu gihe cya Repubulika bakaba Mbonyumutwa Dominique waruyoboye amezi 6 n’iminsi 23, Kayibanda Gregoire waruyoboye imyaka 11, Habyarimana Yuvenali waruyoboye imyaka 21, Sindikubwabo Théodore waruyoboye amezi atatu, Bizimungu Pasteur waruyoboye imyaka 6, na Kagame Paul ukiruyoboye ubu kuva muri 2000.

Uru ni urugero rumwe rw’uko Amateka yavugwa, ariko undi muntu wese yayavuga ukundi apfa kutagendera kubyo yahimbye cyangwa ku bihuha.

7. UMWANZURO W’ABARYANKUNA

Kuva kuri Rucunshu kugeza kuri uyu munsi, Amateka y’u Rwanda yagiye arangwa n’ubwicanyi ndengakamere aho Umunyarwanda yazize uko yavutse abarirwa mu cyiswe ubwoko hutu cyangwa tutsi cyangwa akazira ibitekerezo bye. Akicwa n’umuturanyi we cyangwa umuturanyi we akarebera bamwica.

Ikindi kigaragara ni uko kuri uyu munsi nta revolution yaturutse mu baturage ijya hejuru ahubwo zagiye zituruka ku itsinda rya bamwe (Parmehutu, MRND, FPR) zikitirirwa Abanyarwanda bose bityo Abanyarwanda bakaba barategekeshejwe igitugu igihe cyose.

Abaryankuna basanga Amateka y’Abanyarwanda arangwa n’ihererekanya-nzigo (Gatebe Gatoki) aho abahanganye babiraga urungano rushya: Ni nde uzunga Abanyarwanda tukibona nk’igihuhu kimwe? Bizaba ryari se?

Rucunshu, Revolution ya 1959, Kwibohora, kubohwa, Tingi-tingi, Kibeho, Jenoside, Parmehutu, Ubwami, Interahamwe, Inkotanyi ni ibintu biri mu mateka y’u Rwanda. Uko yabaye yose ameza n’amabi Abanyarwanda bagomba kuyakira uko yabaye. Mu byiza by’u Rwanda, habamo umuco wogusangira igihango.Ubu turibaza tuti:“Ni nde uzanywanisha impfubyi za Kibeho na Tingitingi n’iza Gisozi na Nyarushishi”?

Ubumwe bw’Abanyarwanda bugomba kwubakwa, Abanyarwanda bakirinda imyumvire ya “mera nkanjye cyangwa urimbuke”, uwo tutumva Amateka kimwe tugaharanira ko n’igitekerezo cye gihabwa umwanya. Guca iyo nzigo ni inshingano ikomeye y’Abaryankuna n’Abaharanira impinduramatwara muri iki gihe. Nubwo bitoroshye kubera ko abari hejuru badashaka guca bugufi kandi bakubakira ubutegetsi bwabo ku macakubiri y’Abanyarwanda, iyo nshingano irashoboka.

KURI AYA MATEKA ABARYANKUNA TUVANAMO AYAMASOMO:

• Mu bategetsi bose, hari ibyiza bagejeje ku Rwanda bakwiriye gushimirwa, hari n’ibibi barukoreye bakwiriye kunengerwa ariko wenda bakababarirwa kuko hari n’aho abenshi muri bo babaye inzirakarengane (victims) z’ibihe, kimwe n’uko hari n’ibyafatwa nk’amakosa ubu, ariko icyo gihe bitari amakosa cyangwa se barabikoze nta mutima mubi. Ben Nganji ati: “Mu bantu bose harimo abantu bose”.
• Aya mateka yose ni ayacu kuko ari ay’igihugu cyacu. Ntidukwiriye gukomeza kwirebera mu dutsiko runaka ngo dukomeze kwitana ba mwana cyangwa se ba nyirabayazana, ahubwo ibyagenze neza twari dukwiriye kubyishimira hamwe, ibyagenze nabi tugafatanya kubikosorera hamwe nta kwirema ibice.
• Bitewe n’uko aya mateka yagaragayemo kutuzuzanya ahubwo hakabaho gusenyana, abariho bagasenya iby’abo basimbuye bubatse, mbese ntihabeho gusenyera umugozi umwe no kuzuzanya, Impinduramatwara Gacanzigo yari ikwiriye gushyira iherezo kuri uwo murage mubi, tugatangira gushaka uko habaho kuzuzanya kurusha gusenyana.
• Abaryankuna nk’abantu baharanira impinduramatwara Gacanzigo, bakwiriye kwitandukanya n’udutsiko twahanganye muri aya mateka, ahubwo tukabona abatubanjirije bose (mu bami n’abaperezida ) nk’Abakurambere (ababyeyi) bacu, bityo tukabakorera mu ngata aho bakoze neza, kandi tukanoza ibyo batabashije kunoza, tutabanenga cyangwa ngo tubacire imanza.
• Kubaka Igihango cy’Igihugu bikwiriye kuba gushyiraho isano nshya (yaba ishingiye kuri aya mateka, cyangwa se ishingiye ku ntego z’ahazaza twifuza), iyo sano ikaduhuriza hamwe, ibidutanya tukabigira amahirwe tuzamukiraho tukabibyaza umusaruro kubw’ahazaza heza h’igihugu.

Ibi byose bizashoboka Impinduramatwara “Revolution” izakurikira, ari nako tubyifuza,  izaturuka mu baturage ikazamuka ijya hejuru izana impinduka mu mibanire y’Abanyarwanda no miyoborere y’igihugu. Ariko ibyo bikaba ari nako Abanyarwanda bumva amateka yabo bakarekura izo nzigo, ubuzima bwa buri munyarwanda bukaba gatozi.

Iyi ni nyandiko igaragaza aho abagize Urugaga Nyarwanda Ruharanira Igihango cy’Igihugu/RANP-Abaryankuna babona Amateka y’u Rwanda, Ubwami, Rucunshu, n’Impinduramatwara  yo mu 1959.

Iyi nyandiko yateguwe kandi inonosorwa na:

1. Bwana Cassien NTAMUHANGA, Emmanuel MUGENZI na Gerald GASHUMBA bo mukanama-nyobozi gakuru k’uru Uugaga,
2. Bwana Mugabo NDABARINZE Umunyamabanga mukuru wa mbere,
3. Dr Mary UMUHOZA Komiseri muri Komisiyo y’imibereho rusange,akaba no mu itsinda ritegura imirongo migari ya politike y’Abaryankuna,
4. Bwana Lambert KAYINAMURA Komiseri muri Komisiyo y’Ububanyi n’amahanga,
5. Bwana Nicholas NKUBITO wo muri komisiyo y’ububanyi n’amahanga,akaba no mu itsinda ritegura imirongo migari ya politike y’Abaryankuna,
6. Bwana Mizero Aron umwe mu bajyanama b’imbere bahoraho b’Abaryankuna, akaba no mu itsinda ritegura imirongo migari ya politike y’Abaryankuna,
7. Constance Mutimukeye wo muri komisiyo yo Guca Inzigo no kunamura icumu.