Yanditswe na Nema Ange
Kuva mu 1996 u Rwanda rwinjiye muri R.D. Congo ruvuga ko rugiye gucyura impunzi ariko mu by’ukuri izapfuye ni zo nyinshi ndetse hapfa n’Abanyekongo batabarika nk’uko byatangajwe muri Mapping Report. Mu myaka yakurikiyeho icyo gihugu cyabaye isibaniro ry’imitwe yitwara girikare akenshi u Rwanda rugashyirwa mu majwi mu kuyifasha. Ariko se niba atari ubujura bw’amabuye y’agaciro bubyihishe inyuma, ni iki u Rwanda rukimara muri iki gihugu na magingo aya, cyane cyane ko ruvuga ko rufite umutekano uhagije?
Inkuru dukesha The Globe and Mail, yahawe umutwe ugira uti «How ‘blood mineral’ traders in Rwanda are helping fund Congo rebels – and undermining global supply chains», ugenekereje mu Kinyarwanda bivuze ngo «Uko ‘ubucuruzi bw’amaraso mu mabuye y’agaciro’ bufasha inyeshyamba-bukanadindiza icuruzwa ryayo ku isi», bagaragaza icyo abashakashatsi bagaragaza ku bibera muri RDC.
Muri iyi nkuru baragira bati « Ikimenyetso gishya cyavuye muri raporo y’Umuryango w’Abibumbye no ku bacukumbuzi b’inzobere ni ugushyira ku mugaragaro uruhare rw’u Rwanda mu bujura butangaje bw’abantu bacukura zahabu na Koluta mu bice bya Congo biri mu makimbirane (conflict zones), kandi ubwo bucukuzi bugakorwa mu buryo budakurikije amategeko, ibivuyemo bikagurishwa abakora za telefoni, mudasobwa n’imirimbo».
Ubwo bujura kandi butera inkunga imitwe yitwara gisirikare n’abangiza uburenganzira bwa muntu muri Afurika yo hagati, bukanadindiza ubushake bw’akarere mu kunoza ubucuruzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro.
Inzobere zamenyeshejwe ubwo bujura mu myaka myinshi ishize, ariko ubushakashatsi burambuye bwakozwe n’Umuryango w’Abibumbye bwerekanye ko hari udutsiko dufashwa n’u Rwanda ndetse na RDC, n’ubwo guverinoma z’ibi bihugu ziba zivuga ko zifite ubushake bwo kunoza ubu bucuruzi bw’ibiva mu butaka.
Raporo y’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ikoresha amafoto, ibiganiro yagiranye n’abishora muri ubu bujura ndetse n’izindi mpapuro zigaragaza ubucuruzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro budakurikije amategeko burenga imipaka bukinjiza ayo mabuye mu Rwanda, narwo rukayohereza ku isoko mpuzamahanga. Ubucukumbuzi bwashyizemo ubuhamya bw’abakuriye amasosiyete acukura amabuye y’agaciro bemeza iby’ubu bujura.
Ubucuruzi budasobanutse bwerekana ukuntu u Rwanda rwahindutse urwa mbere mu kohereza koluta nyinshi ku isoko, nyamara iyo rucukura ingana urwara. Ubu bujura butuma abagura amabuye y’agaciro bakwiye gufata ibyemezo byo gukumira aya mabuye y’amaraso ndetse n’amakimbirane ashingiye kuri aya mabuye y’agaciro. Nk’igisubizo, abagura ibikomoka kuri aya mabuye y’agaciro bo mu Burengerazuba bw’isi nta cyizere na gike bafite ko aya mabuye adahembera amakimbirane no kubangamira uburenganzira bwa muntu bikorerwa muri Congo. Iki kimenyetso gishya rero gishyira mu majwi u Rwanda, rukomeje kwerekana ko ruzamuka mu bukungu ku buryo bw’igitangaza, bigatuma abaterankunga baruha amamiliyoni nk’impano cyangwa akunganira ingengo y’imari muri iyi myaka 25 ishize.
Urwego rw’ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro mu Rwanda, bwinjiza asaga miliyoni 412 z’amadolari y’Amerika buri mwaka, burushyira ku mwanya wa kabiri ku isi mu kwinjiza ibivuye mu kohereza amabuye y’agaciro ku isoko mpuzamahanga, bigatuma ubukungu bwitwa ko buzamuka cyane. Uruganda rw’amabuye y’agaciro rwarazamutse cyane muri iki gihe, bigatuma byongera umusaruro mbumbe (PIB/GDP) w’u Rwanda. Nyamara inyigo ziheruka zatangajwe mu binyamakuru by’ubumenyi zibajije ku mibare igaragaza ubukungu bw’u Rwanda. Raporo nshya ku bujura zikwiye gukangura abashoramari n’abaterankunga ku kuri k’ubukungu bw’u Rwanda n’uko buhagaze.
Raporo iheruka yakozwe n’Itsinda ry’impuguke z’Umuryango w’Abibumbye, ishyikirizwa Akanama gashinzwe umutekano mu Muryango w’Abibumbye mu kwezi kwa 6, yasobanuraga byimbitse ukuntu zahabu na koluta byinjizwa mu Rwanda biciye ku mupaka ruhana imbibi na RDC, imisoro ikaba ari mike cyane. Koluta yo inanyuzwa mu bwato mu kiyaga cya Kivu, ikinjira nta mupaka inyuzeho igatwarwa mu makamyo afundikiye biteye inkeke.
Muri Werurwe uyu mwaka, igikamyo cyanyuze ku mupaka w’u Rwanda na RDC, gitwaye imifuka 24 ya koluta yibwe. Raporo y’Umuryango w’Abibumbye yerekana amafoto y’imifuka y’ibiro 10 na 20 bya koluta yakuwe mu burasirazuba bwa RDC, ikagurishwa ku bacuruzi bo mu Rwanda badafite ahantu handitse na hamwe. Muri iyo raporo harimo kandi ibiganiro by’abiba ayo mabuye, bakavuga beruye ukuntu bayacisha rwihishwa mu kiyaga cya Kivu, akazanwa mu Rwanda.
Umwe mu biba ayo mabuye yabwiye abashakashatsi b’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ati “u Rwanda nirwo rukoresha ubu bwato cyane”, agakomeza agira ati “Ubu nibwo buryo bakoresha bayinjiza mu Rwanda kandi nta muntu n’umwe ushobora kubagenzura”.
Impuguke z’Umuryango w’Abibumbye zakomeje gutangaza ubu bucuruzi budaciye mu kuri bukorwa muri ibi binyacumi by’imyaka bishize. N’ubwo hari ibyakosowe, ariko ubu bujura bugenda bufata indi ntera, kandi bugatera inkunga abahungabanya umutekano muri RDC. Muri raporo y’izo mpuguke bavuga ko “ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro bukomeje kuba intandaro y’intambara no guhungabanya uburenganzira bwa muntu muri aka gace, hakaba habuzemo kubinyuza mu mucyo ku mpande zombi zirebwa niki kibazo.
Abashakashatsi b’Umuryango w’Abibumbye bavuga ko agace ka Rubaya konyine gatanga 15% ya koluta icuruzwa ku isi. N’ubwo hakajijwe ingamba zo kureba aho koluta ituruka, imidugararo n’imbunda zihabwa abarwanyi bikomeje gukomoka ku mabuye acukurwa mu gace ka Rubaya.
Imihoro na za kalacinikovu ni bimwe mu ntwaro zihabwa abacukura muri Rubaya, hakiyongeraho imitwe yitwaje intwaro ireberwa n’abapolisi igatwika amazu n’amaduka, igafunga abacukuzi harimo n’aho bakubitwa, ku buryo babiri bahasize ubuzima, ariko kwiba amabuye biba umuco kuri ibi birombe.
Raporo y’Umuryango w’Abibumbye yibutsa kandi abashoramari mo muri Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika, bibumbiye mu kitwa Bay View Group, banagaragajwe n’ikigo cya Banki y’Isi cyitwa “International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes”. Iyi Bay View Group ni umwe bashoramari bakomeye bashoye imari yabo mu bucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro mu Rwanda kuva muri 2000 kugeza muri 2016, uyu munsi bakaba bishyuza Guverinoma y’u Rwanda amadolari y’Amerika angana na miliyoni 95, kuko ubutegetsi bwabujije iyi kompanyi kugenzura ubujura bwa Koluta n’andi mabuye ava muri RDC aza mu Rwanda. Iyi sosiyete ivuga ko ikigo gicukura amabuye y’agaciro cyashyizwe ku mupaka w’u Rwanda na Congo kugira ngo bijye byitwa ko amabuye yavuye muri Congo yacukuwe aho ngaho kandi atari byo. Iki kigo cyemeza ko u Rwanda rutakwinjiza arenze miliyoni 20 z’amadolari y’Amerika buri mwaka, nyamara rwo rwinjiza arenze miliyoni 412 z’amadolari y’Amerika buri mwaka, binyuze muri ubu bujura. “Hatekerezwa ko 50% by’amabuye y’agaciro u Rwanda rushyira ku isoko aba yaturutse muri Congo ndetse 90% ya koluta u Rwanda rugurisha amahanga iba yavuye muri RDC”, uko niko imwe mu masosiyete akora ubucukuzi yabibwiye impunguke z’ikigo gishinzwe ubukemurampaka. Bay View yagaragaje ko ingano y’amabuye u Rwanda rwohereza mu mahanga ntaho ihuriye n’umusaruro warwo. Ibi bigatuma hatekerezwa ko nta handi aya mabuye ava uretse muri RDC, bikanazamura ubukungu bw’u Rwanda. Iyi kompanyi igaragaza kandi ko abashinzwe ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro mu Rwanda bavuga ko umusaruro winyongereye cyane kuva mu 2013, nyamara amabuye ava muri RDC agashyirwaho ibirango by’u Rwanda, agacuruzwa ku isi nk’ayacuwe mu Rwanda, kandi atari byo. Abandi batangabuhamya beretse Bay View ibindi bimenyetso ko u Rwanda rwiba amabuye ya RDC. Christophe Barthelemy, wahoze ari umuyobozi wa Phoenix Metals Ltd, kompanyi igura ikanashongesha amabuye y’agaciro, yavuze ko bizwi neza ko hari amabuye menshi ava muri RDC akagurishirizwa mu Rwanda nta yindi nkurikizi.Yongeyeho ko abacuruzi b’amabuye y’agaciro mu Rwanda bayakura muri RDC, bakayagurisha Abashinwa, batitaye kumenya inkomoko y’aya mabuye.
Jerry Fiala, inzobere mu bumenyi bw’imiterere y’isi, ikomoka muri Australia ikaba ikora ubucukuzi mu Rwanda kuva mu 2003, yabwiye abakemurampaka ko yemeranywa na Bya View ko 90% bya koluta icuruzwa n’u Rwanda ikomoka muri RDC. Yagize ati “amabuye ava muri RDC akazanwa rwihishwa mu Rwanda mu bikamyo cyangwa anyujijwe mu kiyaga cya Kivu, agashyirwaho ibirango by’u Rwanda kandi atari ho yacukuwe”. Yatanze urugero rwa kompanyi nto yakoragamo, aho imibare yatangajwe na Guverinoma mu 2012 na 2013 yatumye igiciro cy’umusaruro w’amabuye y’agaciro kigwa, bituma u Rwanda rwiyitirira amabuye ava muri RDC. Bwana Fiala yahaye inyandiko The Global Mail zigaragaza ibirego bye ku kugusha ibiciro ku bushake bwa Guverinoma ya Kigali. Abanyekongo nabo bavuze ko ubu bucuruzi buhembera ubwicanyi bukorwa n’imitwe yitwaje intwaro muri Congo. Guverinoma y’u Rwanda, ivugana n’abakemurampaka, yahakanye ibirego bya Bay View, igashinja sosiyete ya Fiala kuyirega amafuti adafite aho ashingiye. Ikomeza ivuga ko ibirego iregwa nta gaciro ibiha ahubwo ari ibigamije guharabika isura y’u Rwanda gusa, kuko rwo rwahagurukiye kurwanya ubujura bukorerwa mur RDC.
Gusa ibimenyetso bigaragaza ubujura muri RDC, birenga ubucuruzi bwa koluta. Raporo y’Umuryango w’Abibumbye n’izindi nyigo byashyize mu nyandiko ubujura bukabije bwa zahabu inyuzwa mu Rwanda ikagurishwa ku masoko y’ibwotamasimbi. Abashakashatsi b’Umuryango w’Abibumbye butanga urugero ku buryo zahabu igera mu Rwanda ivuye mu birombe binini bigenzurwa n’abasirikare ba RDC n’imitwe yitwaje intwaro muri Walikale, hatitawe ku itegeko ribuza abasirikare mu birombe bicukurwamo amabuye y’agaciro. Iyi raporo yerekana abacukuzi bagera ku 2500 bakora ubucukuzi bwa gakondo muri ibi birombe. Abashinzwe ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro mu burasirazuba bwa RDC babwiye abashakashatsi b’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ko zahabu yacukuwe muri Walikale itigeze yandikwa mu bitabo bya RDC umwaka ushize. Raporo ivuga ko umusaruro muke cyane ari wo wagaragajwe, andi akajyanwa mu Rwanda rwihishwa. Iyi raporo kandi yasesenguye ko Abanyekongo bajyana amabuye mu Rwanda rwihishwa babonye inzira yo kujyana amabuye i Dubai no muri Hong Kong avuye mu burasirazuba bwa RDC aho umusaruro wa zahabu usoreshwa n’umutwe witwara gisirikare witwa Mai-Mai Yakutumba.
Igize icyo ivuga kuri iyi raporo, Guverinoma y’u Rwanda, yavuze ko izi mpuguke z’Umuryango w’Abibumbye, zidakwiye kugirirwa icyezere kuko zitashyizemo ubwitonzi buhagije, ikemeza ko yeretse izi mpuguke ingamba zose zafashwe ngo harwanywe ubu bujura, ikerekana n’amabuye yafashwe. Yanerekanye ko nta bujura bwakozwe kuva mu kwezi kwa 11/2020 kugeza mu kwa 4/2021.
Raporo y’Umuryango w’Abibumbye yahaye ingufu inyigo y’ikigo cyitwa “IMPACT” gifite icyicaro i Ottawa muri Canada, cyari cyavuze ko zahabu icuruzwa mu buryo bwa magendu muri RDC no mu Rwanda yazamutse cyane. Abacuruza magendu ntibigeze bahanwa n’ubwo bagaragajwe na raporo yasohotse mu kwa 9 k’umwaka ushize. Kugirango abohereza mu mahanga zahabu babone ibyangombwa berekana agace gatoya k’umusaruro, ikindi gice kinini kigacuruzwa mu buryo bwa magendu, nk’uko IMPACT yabitangaje. Raporo yabo yagaragaje uburyo bamwe mu bacuruzi bagiye bakwepa amagenzura cyangwa bagashinga amasosiyete ya baringa, kugira ngo bahishe ibikorwa byabo bitemewe. Urugero rumwe ni uko u Rwanda rwohereje mu mahanga ibiro 2,163 bya zahabu muri 2018, mu buryo bwemewe, nyamara Leta zunze ubumwe z’abarabu zikaba zarakiriye ibiro 12,500 bya zahabu muri uriya mwaka. Mu by’ukuri, ibirombe bya zahabu mu Rwanda ntibirenza ibiro 300 buri mwaka. Hari n’impuguke zerekanye ko umusaruro nyakuri w’u Rwanda kuri zahabu utarenga ibiro 20 ku mwaka.
Raporo ya IMPACT ivuga ko “zahabu yibwa muri RDC ikagezwa ku isoko mpuzamahanga ari yo iri inyuma y’amabi akorwa n’imitwe yitwaje intwaro, ikanahungabanya uburenganzira bwa muntu”. Ubushakashatsi bwerekana ko ko ubutegetsi bw’u Rwanda bwananiwe kugenzura zahabu ituruka muri RDC ikinjizwa rwihishwa mu Rwanda.
Ikigo cy’ubushakashatsi cya Leta zumwe z’Amerika cyitwa The Sentry, cyatangaje ko, mu kwezi kwa 2, u Rwanda ruri ku isonga mu bujura bwa zahabu bukorerwa muri RDC. Muri raporo yabo bavuga ko u Rwanda rubarirwa mu bihugu bya mbere byohereza zahabu ku isoko mpuzamahanga, nyamara rufite ubushobozi buke cyane bwo kuyicukura.
Muri Afurika yose, harimo na RDC, zahabu y’amaraso itera inkunga ibyaha ndengakamere bikorerwa abaturage, ikanadindiza ubucuruzi bwa zahabu buciye mu buryo, ikangiza ubucuruzi buhuza ibihugu byinshi, abayitunganya, amabanki, n’amasosiyete y’ikorabuhanga, nk’uko iyi raporo ibivuga. Byose hamwe, zahabu ifite agaciro ka miliyoni 600 z’amadolari y’Amerika yibwa muri RDC buri mwaka, kandi amenshi acishwa mu Rwanda. Zahabu y’amaraso iha amafaranga atangira ingano imitwe yitwaje intwaro mu burasirazuba bwa RDC, harimo imitwe isoresha ayo mabuye ikanigarurira ibirombe bidaciye mu mategeko.
Uruganda rutunganya zahabu rwashyizweho mu Rwanda mu 2019 rufite ubushobozi burenze kure umusaruro wa zahabu uboneka mu gihugu. Uru ruganda rucungwa ku kigero cya 50% na Guverinoma y’u Rwanda, ushingiye ku makuru ava mu binyamakuru. Raporo y’Umuryango w’Abibumye y’umwaka ushize ivuga ko hatunganywa zahabu ivuye muri RDC, ariko uru ruganda rwarabihakanye.
Ubu bujura bwatangiye guhagurutsa inzego za politiki. Abasenateri 3 ba Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika, Cory Booker, Richard Durbin na Benjamin Cardin, basabiye ibihano abacuruzi na ba nyir’uruganda bishoye mu bujura bwa zahabu. Aba basenateri babwiye Treasury department y’Amerika, mu kwezi kwa kane ko zahabu icukurwa mu bice biri mu ntambara mu burasirazuba bwa RDC igera ku isoko mpuzamahanga, harimo n’amasosiyete yo muri Amerika ayigura, kandi ibivuyemo bikoreshwa n’abakiriya buri munsi. Mu gice cya zahabu na koluta, ababigura bo mu nganda zo mu burengerazuba bw’isi ntibita ku kureba aho ayo mabuye akomoka, nk’uko impuguke zabitangaje. Iki kibazo kiracyahari n’ubwo hashize imyaka myinshi imuguke z’Umuryango mpuzamahanga zibizi. Joanne Lebert, umuyobozi mukuru wa IMPACT, ifite icyicaro Ottawa muri Canada, yatangaje ko n’ubwo ibi bibazo bihora bivugwa ariko bititabwaho. Yabwiye The Globe ko imbaraga zishyirwa mu gukemura iki kibazo zidahagije kandi zidahuye n’uburyarya bukoreshwa mu kwiba amabuye, kandi akaba abona nta bushake bwa politiki buhari. Alex Kopp, ukorera Global Witness, itsinda ry’abashakashatsi b’Abongereza mu bidukikije, yavuze ko kugenzura aho amabuye y’agaciro aturuka bikorwa mu buryo budakwiye, bigasiga abaguzi mu rujijorw’aho ibyo bagura biva. Ubujura bw’amabuye y’agaciro buzwi n’abaterankunga b’u Rwanda, barimo Ubwongereza na Leta zunze ubumwe z’Amerika, ariko ntacyo bakora, ahubwo bafasha u Rwanda mu kubukwirakwiza. “Byafashe intera ndende”, niko Bwana Kopp yabwiye The Globe.
Mu kwanzura twavuga ko nta kindi u Rwanda rumara muri RDC uretse kwishora muri ubu bujura bw’amabuye y’agaciro, rukayohereza ku isoko mpuzamahanga, bikarugira urwa mbere mu kohereza amabuye menshi, nyamara rwo nta birombe rugira, Birababaje kandi biteye agahinda urebye ubuzima bw’abantu buhatikirira. Hibazwa rero impamvu abatanga inkunga ku Rwanda batareba kure ngo bamenye amabi rukorera muri RDC.
Nema Ange