Yanditswe na Kamikazi Umuringa Josiane
Mu mpera z’umwaka wa 2022, Umuryango Mpuzamahanga urwanya ruswa n’Akarengane mu Rwanda (Transparency International Rwanda) watangaje inzego icumi ziganjemo ruswa mu Rwanda. Ni ibyari bikubiye mu bushakashatsi ku gipimo cya ruswa mu Rwanda (Rwanda Bribery Index) bukorwa buri mwaka na Transparency International Rwanda. Mu gukora ubu bushakashatsi hagendewe ku babajijwe, amafaranga bagiye bavuga bishyuye kugira ngo bahabwe serivisi runaka.
Bibarwa ko nibura mu mezi 12 y’umwaka wa 2022, muri za banki, umuntu umwe yagiye yakwa ruswa ingana na 618,900 FRW. Ni mu gihe mu bucamanza nibura umuntu watanze ruswa yagiye yakwa 348,000 FRW. Mu rwego rwa Polisi ishinzwe umutekano wo mu muhanda, uwatanze ruswa yishyuye nibura 101,352 FRW, naho mu nzego z’ibanze yishyuye impuzandengo ya 88,880 FRW. Mu bushinjacyaha hishyuwe ruswa iri ku mpuzandengo ya 75,000 FRW ku basabwe ruswa. Mu nzego z’abikorera, nk’uwahawe akazi atanze ruswa yabanje kwishyura 57,800 FRW. Urwego rw’Ubugenzacyaha, RIB narwo ntirwatanzwe kuko habarwa ko mu batanzeyo ruswa umwe yishyuye 47,000 FRW.
Ni mu gihe mu Kigo cy’Igihugu cy’Imisoro n’Amahoro, RRA, ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko hishyuwe ruswa ingana na 44,000 FRW ku muntu umwe mu bayatswe. Mu mashuri yisumbuye nk’urugero umuyobozi wafashije umubyeyi kugira ngo umwana we abashe kwimurirwa ku rindi shuri, akaba yanatanze izindi serivisi zose agenda ahabwa ruswa, umuntu umwe yamuhaga 38,923 FRW. Mu kigo gishinzwe gukwirakwiza ingufu mu Rwanda (REG) uwatswe ruswa nibura yatanze 32,600 FRW. Muri za Kaminuza hatangwa 30,000 FRW nibura ku muntu umwe wagiye yakwa ruswa. Ubushakashatsi kandi bwerekanye ko mu mashuri y’imyuga n’ubumenyingiro, TVET naho abayobozi cyangwa abakozi bayo basaba ruswa kuko nibura abayatswe umwe yishyuraga 20,000 FRW. Mu Rwego Ngenzuramikorere, RURA, ho mu batswe ruswa umwe nibura yishyuraga 15,000 FRW. Umuyobozi wa Transparency International Rwanda, Ingabire Marie Immaculée agaragaza ko nk’urwego rwa Polisi rushinzwe umutekano wo mu muhanda rukomeje kuza ku mwanya wa kabiri cyangwa uwa mbere, ntirujye hasi. Hari izindi nzego z’abikorera zikomeje kuza ku isonga mu kurya ruswa, inzego nka REG cyangwa WASAC, inzego z’ibanze n’ahandi.
Ingabire yagaragaje ko muri rusange, ruswa yikubye kabiri mu myaka ibiri ishize kuko mu 2022 amafaranga yatanzwe nka ruswa ngo umuntu abone serivisi yiyongereye, aho ageze kuri miliyoni 38 FRW. Ni mu gihe muri 2021 yari miliyoni 14 FRW, na ho muri 2020 akaba miliyoni 19 FRW. Ubu bushakashatsi kandi bwagaragaje ko ruswayiganje mu mitangire ya serivisi z’amashanyarazi n’amazi, mu guhabwa akazi mu nzego z’abikorera, kubona ibyangombwa by’ubutaka n’ ibyo kubaka ndetse no muri serivisi zo kwishyura no gusubizwa ibinyabiziga bifatirwa na polisi. Bwanagaragaje ko mu Rwanda uramutse ugiye kwaka serivisi bakakwaka ruswa ukifata ntuyitange, nibura 97% wayihabwa. Ni ukuvuga ko abantu 3% aribo bimwa serivisi iyo banze gutanga ruswa. Bugasoza bushishikariza abaturage kugusha mu mutego ababaka ruswa, nk’uko byatangajwe na Albert Kavatiri, Umuyobozi ushinzwe Ubushakashatsi muri TI- Rwanda. Albert Kavatiri yavuze ko abakwa ruswa ari abantu binjiza guhera ku 31,000 FRW ku kwezi, bikaba bivuze ko abakene ari bo bakwa ruswa ngo bahabwe serivisi bityo bakadindira mu iterambere. Ku byerekeye uko abantu babona ruswa mu nzego, abantu bavuga ko ruswa izamuka. Ngo iva hasi cyane izamuka igana hejuru.
TI-Rwanda itangaza ko mu kurwanya ruswa harabaye kudohoka kuko byavuye kuri gipimo cyo hejuru bijya hasi , bivuze ko hari impamvu zituma kuyirwanya bigabanuka. Abantu 23.5% batse ruswa, ariko abagera kuri 5% aba ari bo bayitanga. Abasigaye ntacyo bayivuzeho. Ugereranyije n’umwaka 2012, ruswa yari 12.69% ariko mu mwaka wa 2022, abayitanze cyangwa abayisabye bangana na 29.10%, bikerekana ko yazamutse.
Raporo nshya y’Umuryango Mpuzamahanga urwanya Ruswa n’Akarengane, (Transparency International), yashyize u Rwanda ku mwanya wa 54 ku Isi, rusubiraho inyuma imyanya ibiri ugereranyije n’umwaka ushize wa 2021 kuko rwari ku mwanya wa 52. Ubu bushakashatsi buzwi nka CPI 2022 (Corruptions Perception Index 2022), bwamuritswe kuri uyu wa 31 Mutarama 2023, ababukoze bakaba barasesenguye ruswa mu nzego za Leta z’ibihugu 180 byo ku Isi yose. U Rwanda rufite amanota 51%. Ibihugu bingana na 2/3 ku Isi biri munsi y’amanota 50% bivuze ko ruswa yabaye icyorezo muri ibyo bihugu. Ibi byiganjemo ibyo muri Afurika, aho uyu mugabane ufite amanota 32%. Ubushakashatsi bwa CPI bwita kuri ruswa, gukoresha umutungo wa Leta ibyo utagenewe, kudahana abayobozi bakoresheje ububasha bwabo mu nyungu bwite, ubushobozi bwa guverinoma mu gutahura ruswa mu nzego za leta, kutagenzura inzego za leta ku buryo bushobora guha icyuho ruswa. Icyenewabo mu gutanga akazi ka leta, uburyo abayobozi bamenyekanisha imitungo yabo. Ubu bushakashatsi bunareba uko abatanga amakuru kuri ruswa barindirwa umutekano n’ibanga ndetse no gutanga amakuru.
Umuvunyi Mukuru Wungirije, Mukama Abbas, yavuze ko u Rwanda ruri mu bihugu birangwamo ruswa nkeya bigaragaza ingamba rwashyize mu bikorwa zo kurwanya ruswa nk’uko bigenwa n’icyerekezo 2050. Ku kuba u Rwanda rwarasubiyeho inyuma imyanya ibiri, Mukama, yavuze ko atari igitangaza ariko bitanga umukoro kuri buri wese. Yagize ati: «Mu rugamba rwo kurwanya ruswa nta wemerewe kuba indorerezi kuko utayirwanyije bikugiraho ingaruka. » Umuyobozi wa TI-Rwanda, Ingabire Marie Immaculée, yavuze ko kuba u Rwanda rufite amanota 51%, ayandi 49% yaburiye mu bintu bitandukanye birimo na serivisi mbi mu nzego zitandukanye zitiza umurindi ruswa. Yasabye Abanyarwanda ko aho gutanga ruswa, batanga amakuru kuri serivisi mbi bahawe cyangwa batahawe, kugira ngo hakurikiranwe impamvu. Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa wa TI-Rwanda, Mupiganyi Appolinaire, yavuze ko ubushakashatsi bwakozwe na TI-Rwanda bwerekanye ko 7% by’Abanyarwanda bagifata ruswa nk’ibisanzwe, iyi akaba ari indi mpamvu yo kuba u Rwanda rusubira inyuma.
Mu bihugu 180 byakorewemo ubushakashatsi ku Isi hose, Denmark niyo yaje ku mwanya wa mbere mu kuba igihugu kitarangwamo ruswa ku kigero cyo hejuru aho ifite amanota 90%, Finland iri ku mwanya wa kabiri, Nouvelle Zéalande ni iya gatatu. Ku mwanya wa kane hari Norvège naho kuwa gatanu ni Singapore. Mu muhango wo kumurika raporo ya CPI 2022, Ingabire Marie Immaculée yatunze urutoki urugomo n’amahano bikorwa n’abanyerondo, asaba inzego zose kubihagurukira kuko bihangayikishije Abanyarwanda. Yagize ati: «Bafite rwa rugomo ruteye ubwoba, bafite urugomo rutakibashije kwihanganirwa kuko bigeze aho byambura abantu ubuzima, bigeze aho kuba urwego rurinda umutekano rwabaye urwego rw’akarengane ku baturage kandi ugasanga bafatanyije na komite y’umudugudu kuko nibo baba bakorana…ntabwo byakomeza gutya». Ingabire asanga byose bituruka ku kuba abanyerondo ari urwego utamenya uko abarujyamo bashakwa, nta kigenderwaho mu kubashaka ‘ku buryo rimwe na rimwe hajyamo abanyarugomo cyangwa n’abadafite ubunyangamugayo’. Umwe mu baturage yagize ati :«Urafata umuntu utarize ukamuha kuyobora abantu, ibi byose byo kurenganya abaturage niho bigenda bituruka kubera ko ibyo arimo ntabizi». Ingero z’urugomo rukorwa n’aba banyerondo ni nyisnho cyane : Nta minsi irashira humvikanye inkuru y’abanyerondo bo mu Kagari ka Rwampara, Umurenge wa Kigarama, Akarere ka Kicukiro bahondaguye umuturage bakamugira intere bikamuviramo urupfu. Uyu yaguye ku kigo nderabuzima cya Gikondo.Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa wa Kigarama, Umubyeyi Médiatrice yemeje ko babiri mu bakubise uyu mugabo bafashwe. Iyi nkuru mbi yaje isanga andi mahano y’abanyerondo batatu bo mu Murenge wa Kimisagara, Akarere ka Nyarugenge, bakekwaho gufata ku ngufu umwana w’imyaka iri hagati ya 11-15. Aba batawe muri yombi, umwana yihutanwa kwa muganga mu cyumweru gishize.
Si mu Mujyi wa Kigali gusa abanyerondo bavugwa mu bikorwa by’agahomamunwa. Muri Nzeri 2022, mu Murenge wa Ngoma mu Karere ka Huye, abanyerondo bane n’umuyobozi w’umudugudu, bafunzwe bakekwaho gukubita umugabo n’umwana we. Ni imyitwarire imaze imyaka myinshi kuko nko mu 2016 umuturage witwaga François wari uzwi ku izina rya ‘‘Kanyabunyobwa”, yapfuye abaturage bakemeza ko yazize imigeri n’inkoni yakubiswe nyuma yo kwamburwa n’abanyerondo ubunyobwa yacuruzaga.
Ibi byiyongeraho ihohoterwa rikorwa n’abanyerondo. Umwe mu batangabuhamya yavuze ko mu Murenge wa Rwezamenyo mu Karere ka Nyarugenge iyo habuze amafaranga yo kubahemba, abanyerondo bajya ku miryango y’abaturage, bakabuza abantu kwinjira mu nzu keretse bishyuye, uyabuze bamurarana ijoro hanze. Hari abandi benshi bakubiswe n’abanyerondo baramugara, hari abibwe ndetse n’abahohotewe abanyerondo barebera, ku buryo hari abemeza ko hari imikoranire y’abanyerondo n’abajura; ingero ni nyinshi z’abanyerondo bafashwe bibye. Ingabire Marie Immaculée yavuze kandi ko ruswa ivuza ubuhuha mu banyerondo, aho uwanze kubaha akantu bamujyana mu nzererezi bamushinja gucuruza inzoga z’inkorano cyangwa ibiyobyabwenge. Hari n’ababicuruza bakingirwa ikibaba kuko batanze ruswa. Umuvugizi wa Polisi y’u Rwanda, CP John Bosco Kabera, yabwiye abanyamakuru ko abanyerondo bakubise umuntu bafashwe bashyikirizwa RIB kandi uru rwego rushinzwe umutekano rukomeje gukorana n’inzego z’ibanze mu guhugura no guhana abanyerondo bakoze nabi. Ku kijyanye n’abafashe umwana ku ngufu, CP Kabera, yavuze ko byose byashyikirijwe ubutabera, bagomba gukurikiranwa bagahanwa. Yasabye abaturage gukomeza gukorana umurava bagatanga amakuru no ku banyerondo bakora nabi.
Ibyegeranyo byose bikorwa bigaragaza ko ruswa ica ibintu mu Rwanda nyamara agatsiko kari ku butegetsi i Kigali kagakomeza guterera agati mu ryinyo ari ikibazo giteye inkeke, kugeza n’aho abanyerondo bishyurwa n’abaturage bakomeza kwishora mu bugizi bwa nabi no kurenganya abanze kubaha ruswa. Ni umukoro wa buri wese rero wo gukaruka tukamagana aka karengane gakabije.
Kamikazi Umuringa Josiane