Yanditswe na Ahirwe Karoli
Mu gihe ibihugu byose ku isi bitungwa n’imisoro ikusanywa n’abaturage babyo, agatsiko kari ku butegetsi mu Rwanda gatangiye umwaka wa 2023 kigamba ubugome kakoreye Abanyarwanda, aho kamunze ubukungu ku buryo bugaragara, ushingiye ku mibare aka gatsiko ka FPR gatangaza, igaragaza ubukungu ku gacuri.
Imibare yatangajwe n’Ikigo cy’Igihugu cy’Imisoro n’Amahōro (Rwanda Revenue Authority-RRA) igaragaza ko mu myaka 25 ishize, amafaranga y’imisoro akusanywa yavuye hafi kuri miliyari 60 FRW mu mwaka w’ingengo y’imari wa 1998/99 agera kuri miliyari 1,910.2 FRW mu 2021/22, yikubye incuro hafi 32. Ni mu gihe abasora bavuye kuri 633 mu 1998 bagera kuri 383,103 mu 2022, bivuze ko abasora bataragera kuri 3% by’abaturarwanda bose, binavuze ko abarenga 97% batunzwe n’imisoro y’aka gatsiko gato cyane. Abasora bagizwe n’ abantu bakora ubucuruzi butandukanye cyangwa ibigo by’ubucuruzi, inganda cyangwa ibindi bikorwa bisora baba bahagarariye. Birumvikana ko aka gatsiko ka 3% ariko konyine kagira icyo kinjiza cyabasha gusorerwa maze abandi 97% bakabeshwaho n’ubuntu bw’Imana kuko baba ntacyo binjiza.
Muri aba basora batarenze 3% by’abaturarwanda nabo harimo ikinyuranyo gikomeye cyane kuko abagera ku 1220 bakusanya imisoro ingana na 70% barimo 375 bakusanya 58% na 845 bakusanya 12%, naho igice kinini kigizwe n’abasora 381,883 bangana na 99.6% by’abasora mu Rwanda basora angana na 30% by’imisoro yose ikusanywa mu gihugu, ku mwaka w’imisoro, nk’uko Komiseri Mukuru wa RRA, Bizimana Ruganintwali Pascal, yabitangarije umuzindaro wa Leta, Igihe.com mu cyumweru gishize. Iyi mibare isesengurwa n’abahanga mu bukungu nk’iteye ihahamuka kuko ubundi igihugu gifite aho kigana, kishimira kugabanya ubuhanike bw’imisoro, ahubwo kikongera umubare w’abasora, kugira ngo imisoro ibe myinshim ariko itangwa n’abenshi, bityo bigatuma yorohera abasora, abadasora nabo bakabyungukiramo. Ibi rero byarirengagijwe mu Rwanda, ahubwo Bizimana Ruganintwali Pascal atangaza ko n’ubwo hari amavugurura arimo gukorwa kugira ngo imisoro igire isura y’ubumuntu ariko hari n’abasora usanga bafite imico itari myiza. Ibi rero bisobanuye ko mbere y’uko abasora bagira imico mici, agatsiko kayoboye i Kigali kiyemereye ko « imisoro idafite isura y’ubumuntu ».
Ubwo yari kuri Televiziyo y’u Rwanda mu minsi ishize, Ruganintwali, yavuze ko hari ingero nyinshi zifatika z’abantu bakora ibishoboka byose ngo bakwepe imisoro, abanga gukoresha EBM n’abandi banga gutanga imisoro ku bushake. Yagize ati : «Abo bantu baravunika cyane. Bivuze iki ? Bivuze ko hari abantu badashaka kugaragaza ubucuruzi bwabo bagahera muri ba bandi bato kubera ko hari ayo mayeri yose […], ntabwo ikibazo ari ukugira ubucuruzi butanditse, ahubwo ikibazo kiri ku myumvire kuko hari abantu bake cyane bavunika. » Ibi rero igisobanuro bifite mu bukungu nta kindi ni uko Abanyarwanda bakeneshejwe cyane, babuzwa amahirwe ku bukungu bw’igihugu, bituma ababasha kugira icyo binjiza batarenga 3%, bityo abasora baba bake cyane, bituma imisoro ihanikwa cyane, ingaruka rero zihita zivuka ni ebyiri :
(1) Bamwe mu basora barananirwa, bagata ubucuruzi bwabo bakiruka cyangwa bagaterezwa cyamura bagakena ;
(2) Ibiciro biratumbagira bikarenga ubushobozi bw’abaturage, ubukungu bugahora burindimuka. Uyu rero niwo musaruro FPR yagezeho mu bukungu muri iyi myaka 30 imaze ku butegetsi ndetse n’imyaka 25 RRA imaze ishinzwe.
Bizimana Ruganintwali asaba abantu kwitabira gukoresha ikoranabuhanga rya EBM, kugira ngo bizafashe n’iki kigo gishinzwe gukusanya imisoro kubasha kumenya abagomba gusora no kuba batanga umusoro uko bikwiriye ndetse kibashe kumenya neza ibibazo nyabyo abasora bafite. Yanabwiye TVR kandi ko umusoro utangwa ugize 15.8% by’umusaruro mbumbe w’igihugu, mu gihe intego ari ukuzamura icyo kigero ukagera kuri 21.5% by’umusaruro mbumbe w’igihugu bitarenze 2024.
Iyi mibare rero iteye agahinda no kwibaza aho igihugu kigana ukahabura kuko gikomeje gutungwa n’inkunga z’amahanga, ubundi bigatuma iyo FPR ibwiwe ibyo kuzibukira ubusahuzi ikorera mu Burasirazuba bwa DRC ibabwa, ikumva ahubwo abana b’u Rwanda bahashirira, ariko umutungo kamere uhaboneka ugakomeza ugasahurwa, ibishyira mu kaga abaturage batuye ibihugu byombi, kuko ubundi inyungu zakabaye ubuhahirane n’ubwuzuzanye, buri ruhande rukagira ibyo rwungukira muri uwo mubano, ariko ibyo Kagame ntabikozwa !
Mu gihe Abanyarwanda barenga 95% barushaho kujya habi nk’uko bitanganzwa n’Ikigo cy’Igihugu cy’Ibarurishamibare (National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda-NISR), agatsiko kari ku butegetsi i Kigali gakomeja kuyobya Abanyarwanda n’amahanga kerekana ko ubukungu bw’u Rwanda buzamuka buri mwaka. Aha rero niho abasesenguzi bibaza bati : «Niba ubukungu bw’igihugu buzamuka, ubw’abanyagihugu bukamanuka, bimaze iki ?» Igisobanuro kikaba ko umusaruro mbumbe w’igihugu ugizwe n’agatsiko gato cyane kagizwe n’abihariye ibyiza byose by’igihugu, maze rubanda nyamwinshi rugakomeza kuririra mu myotsi.
Mu rwego rwo kujijisha, MINAGRI, ibinyujije mu Muvugizi wayo, Kwibuka Eugène, yatangiye guteguza abaturage benshi batunzwe n’ubuhinzi ko bazahunika ibyo bazeza kugira ngo babashe guhangana n’izamuka ry’ibiciro bizakabya mu 2023. Imibare ya NISR iheruka kwerekana ko mu kwezi kwa 11 k’umwaka ushize, izamuka ry’ibiciro ryari kuri 21.7%, ndetse iby’ibiribwa n’ibinyobwa bidasembuye byiyongereyeho 45.4%. Ntabwo imibare y’izamuka ry’ibiciro ry’Ukuboza 2022 ndetse n’iry’uyu mwaka iratangazwa, ariko nta cyizere na kimwe ko ibiciro bishobora kongera kumanuka. Uburyo byagerwaho ni ukugabanya imisoro ihanitse cyane.
Mu mpera z’umwaka ushize, FMI yari yaburiye ibihugu byose ko 1/3 cy’ubukungu bw’isi kizajya munsi y’umurongo w’ubukene muri uyu mwaka wa 2023. Umuyobozi mukuru wa FMI, Kristalina Georgieva, uherutse no gusura u Rwanda, yavuze ko umwaka wa 2023 uzaba ugoye kurusha ushize kubera ko ubukungu bw’ibihugu bikomeye nka USA, Uburusiya, Umuryango w’Ubumwe bw’Uburayi, burimo kugenda biguru ntege. N’ubwo bivugwa gutyo ariko, Straton Habyarimana, impuguke mu bijyanye n’ubukungu, avuga ko Leta yakarebye uko ingamba zo kumanura imisoro ihanitse zibaho ariko bikaba ku buryo burambye. Yagize ati : «Intambwe ya mbere ni ukwisuzuma. Hakwiye kubaho gusuzuma niba ingamba zifatwa zitanga umusaruro, zaba zitawutanga hagafatwa izindi kandi zigashyirwa mu bikorwa kugira ngo umuturage abashe kugira ubushobozi bwo guhaha ku isoko […] Gucungira ku buhinzi gusa kandi budashorwamo ingengo y’imari ihagije ni nko kwirebera mu mazi. »
Mu gihe u Rwanda rwinjira mu mwaka wa 2023 urubereye mubi, Umuyobozi mukuru wa FMI, Kristalina Georgieva, yasuye u Rwanda, kuva ku wa Kabiri kugeza ku wa Kane, tariki ya 24-26/01/2023, akomotse muri Zambia aje guhamiriza u Rwanda ko FMI yemereye u Rwanda inguzanyo isaga miliyari 342 FRW. Mu ruzinduko rwe, Kristalina Georgieva, hari hateganyijwe ko hazarebwa gahunda na politiki u Rwanda rwafashe mu guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ikirere ndetse n’inkunga zikenewe ngo izo gahunda zibashe gutanga umusaruro witezwe, agasa n’uwari uje kureba icyo miliyoni 319 $ zemejwe n’inama y’ubutegetsi ya FMI, mu kwezi k’Ukwakira 2022 zizakoreshwa. Ni amafaranga bivugwa ko azifashishwa mu buryo bushya bwo gushyigikira politiki z’ibihugu bikennye, n’ibifite ubukungu bwo hagati, bwiswe (Resilience and Sustainability Facility, RSF), n’ubundi bwitwa (Policy Coordination Instrument, PCI).
Sam Rubulika, ukora muri MINECOFIN, yabwiye UMUSEKE ko aya mafaranga ari inguzanyo yishyurwa mu gihe kirekire kandi ku nyungu iri hasi cyane. Yavuze ko azakoreshwa mu gihe cy’amezi 36 ni ukuvuga imyaka itatu, akazafasha u Rwanda gukora igenamigambi rijyanye no guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe rinyuze mu mucyo, kurishyira mu bikorwa no gutanga raporo, ndetse no gukurikirana izindi nkunga zose zijyanye na gahunda zo guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe. Rubulika kandi yatangaje kandi ko iyi nguzanyo izafasha u Rwanda kubaka ibikorwa birengera ibidukikije ahantu hahurira abantu benshi, kuzamura abasora, kugabanya ibihombo mu rwego rw’imari, ndetse no korohereza igihugu mu myenda kigenda gifata, akanafasha mu buryo bwo kugenda rwishyura.
Nyamara n’ubwo bivugwa ko ariya mafaranga azakoreshwa muri politiki n’ingamba zo guhangana n’ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ibihe (climate change), no kuzamura urwego rw’ubukungu. Gusa icyo FMI itazi ni uko aje kuzuza amakonti ya FPR no kongera igishoro cya Crystal Ventures, cyahungabanye muri iyi minsi yashoje umwaka wa 2022. Akigera mu Rwanda, Kristalina Georgieva yakiriwe na Ministiri w’Imari, Dr. Uzziel Ndagijimana, ku munsi ukurikiyeho yakirwa ku meza na Minisitiri w’Intebe ari kumwe na Minisitiri w’ Ibidukikije, Dr. Jeanne d’Arc Mujawamariya, Minisitiri w’Imari, Dr. Uzziel Ndagijimana Guverineri wa Banki Nkuru, John Rwangombwa n’abandi. Kuri uwo munsi kandi yakiriwe ku meza na Perezida Kagame, anaganira n’abambari ba FPR biswe abikorera, bafite imishinga yitwa ko irengera ibidukikije nka Green Gicumbi. Igitangaje ni uko nta tangazo ryakozwe nyuma y’uruzinduko rwa Kristalina Georgieva, nk’uko bijya bigenda iyo abakomeye basuye u Rwanda, ahubwo hatangajwe ko kugira ngo u Rwanda rubashe gushyira mu bikorwa gahunda zijyanye n’imihindagurikire y’ibihe, hakenewe miliyari 11$ kugeza mu 2030, harimo miliyari 5.7$ zizafasha mu bikorwa bitandukanye bigamije guhangana n’ingaruka z’imihidagurikire y’ibihe, na miliyari 5.3$ ziteganyirijwe ibikorwa byo gukumira ingaruka z’imihindagurikire y’ibihe.
Uyu mwaka ni mubi cyane ku bukungu bw’u Rwanda bugeze aharindimuka kandi bwihariwe n’abafite icyo binjiza ku buryo bagisorera batararenga 3% by’abaturarwanda bose, nabo barimo ubusumbane bukabije kuko 0.4% by’abasora binjiza 70% by’imisoro ikusanywa mu mwaka w’imisoro, naho 99.6% by’abasora bakinjiza 30% by’imisoro yose ikusanywa mu mwaka. Ubu busumbane bukabije bwatewe n’uko ubukungu bwose bw’igihugu bwihariwe n’agatsiko gato cyane bugaragaza ko ntaho ubukungu bw’u Rwanda bwerekeza. Ikigamijwe gusa ni ugukomeza kwigwizaho inguzanyo z’amahanga, zizashyira mu kaga abazadukomokaho, mu minsi iri imbere mu gihe abazakomoka ku bambari ba FPR bazaba bibereye mu bihugu by’amahanga, barya umutungo wasahuwe ukabikwa mu mahanga, mu bihugu bifatwa nka paradis fiscaux. Igihe ni iki rero ngo buri munyarwanda ukunda u Rwanda, ahagurukire guhangana n’ubu busahuzi, bushyira mu kaga ubuzima bw’Abanyarwanda mu gihe kizaza. Ni umukoro wanjye, ni umukoro wawe, ngo ubu busahuzi buhagarare, Abanyarwanda bagire igihugu bifuza.
Ahirwe Karoli